Table 2. Bivariable logistic regression analyses of factors associated with recent exposure to fentanyl among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada, June – October 2016 (n = 452).
| Characteristic | UDS result for fentanyl | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Positive 89 (19.7%) | Negative 363 (80.3%) | |||
| Age | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 41 (33–48) | 48 (39–54) | ||
| Per year older | 0.96 (0.94 – 0.97) | <0.001 | ||
| Female | 44 (49.4%) | 135 (37.2%) | 1.65 (1.12 – 2.45) | 0.035 |
| White ethnicity/ancestry | 52 (58.4%) | 205 (56.5%) | 1.08 (0.73–1.61) | 0.739 |
| DTES residence* | 57 (64.0%) | 217 (59.8%) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 0.461 |
| UDS positive for: | ||||
| Morphine/heroin | 80 (89.9%) | 199 (54.8%) | 7.33 (4.15 – 14.03) | <0.001 |
| Methadone | 45 (50.6%) | 199 (54.8%) | 0.84 (0.57 – 1.25) | 0.470 |
| Buprenorphine | 10 (11.2%) | 18 (5.0%) | 2.43 (1.20 – 4.73) | 0.032 |
| Oxycodone | 4 (4.5%) | 7 (1.9%) | 2.39 (0.78 – 6.67) | 0.172 |
| Cocaine | 66 (74.2%) | 203 (55.9%) | 2.26 (1.48 – 3.53) | 0.002 |
| Amphetamine/methamphetamine | 67 (75.3%) | 169 (46.6%) | 3.50 (2.28 – 5.50) | <0.001 |
| Benzodiazepine | 21 (23.6%) | 70 (19.3%) | 1.29 (0.80 – 2.04) | 0.364 |
| Cannabis | 25 (28.1%) | 136 (37.5%) | 0.65 (0.42 – 0.99) | 0.099 |
| Self-reported drug use* | ||||
| Heroin | 85 (95.5%) | 234 (64.5%) | 11.71 (5.41 – 31.25) | <0.001 |
| Fentanyl pills or patches† | 13 (14.6%) | 22 (6.1%) | 2.65 (1.42 – 4.85) | 0.009 |
| Methadone† | 1 (1.1%) | 6 (1.7%) | 0.68 (0.07 – 3.11) | 0.719 |
| Buprenorphine-naloxone† | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 8.32 (1.17 – 96.23) | 0.085 |
| Other prescriptions opioids† | 22 (24.7%) | 63 (17.4%) | 1.56 (0.97 – 2.47) | 0.113 |
| Powder cocaine | 25 (28.1%) | 154 (42.4%) | 0.53 (0.34 – 0.80) | 0.014 |
| Crack cocaine | 25 (28.1%) | 132 (36.4%) | 0.68 (0.44 – 1.04) | 0.143 |
| Crystal methamphetamine | 58 (65.2%) | 196 (54.0%) | 1.59 (1.07 – 2.40) | 0.058 |
| Benzodiazepine | 12 (13.5%) | 42 (11.6%) | 1.19 (0.65 – 2.08) | 0.618 |
| Cannabis | 38 (42.7%) | 215 (59.2%) | 0.51 (0.34 – 0.76) | 0.005 |
| OAT (methadone)* | 48 (53.9%) | 204 (56.2%) | 0.91 (0.62 – 1.35) | 0.700 |
| OAT (buprenorphine-naloxone)* | 5 (5.6%) | 16 (4.4%) | 1.29 (0.50 – 2.93) | 0.628 |
DTES: Downtown Eastside. IQR: interquartile range. OAT: opioid agonist therapy. UDS: urine drug screen.
*
Denotes behaviours and events in the previous six months.
†
Non-medical use.