Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample examined by gender
| Variable | Total | Male | Female | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (M ± SD) | 58.5 ± 9.3 (n = 300) | 61 ± 9.6 (n = 108) | 57.1 ± 8.9 (n = 192) | < 0.01 |
| Residency | ||||
| Urban | 71.7% (n = 215) | 63% (n = 68) | 76.6% (n = 147) | 0.022 |
| Rural | 28.3% (n = 82) | 37% (n = 40) | 23.4% (n = 45) | |
| Employed | ||||
| Yes | 27.7% (n = 83) | 62% (n = 67) | 8.3% (n = 16) | < 0.01 |
| No | 72.3% (n = 217) | 38% (n = 41) | 91.7% (n = 176) | |
| Currently married | ||||
| Yes | 83.7% (n = 251) | 95.4% (n = 103) | 77.1% (n = 148) | < 0.01 |
| No | 16.3% (n = 49) | 4.6% (n = 5) | 22.9% (n = 44) | |
| Education | ||||
| ≥ college | (21.3%) (n = 64) | 31.5% (n = 34) | 15.6% (n = 30) | < 0.01 |
| < college | (78.7%) (n = 236) | 68.5% (n = 74) | 84.4% (n = 162) | |
| Duration of DM (year) | 11.3 ± 8.0 (n = 300) | 12.6 ± 8.6 (n = 108) | 10.6 ± 7.6 (n = 192) | 0.036 |
| Using insulin | ||||
| Yes | 58% (n = 174) | 67.6% (n = 73) | 52.6% (n = 101) | 0.012 |
| No | 42% (n = 126) | 32.4% (n = 35) | 47.4% (n = 91) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 66.0% (n = 19) | 55.6% (n = 60) | 71.9% (n = 138) | < 0.01 |
| No | 34.0% (n = 102) | 44.4% (n = 48) | 28.1% (n = 54) | |
| Retinopathy | ||||
| Yes | 30.3% (n = 91) | 34.3% (n = 37) | 28.1% (n = 54) | 0.267 |
| No | 69.7% (n = 209) | 65.7% (n = 71) | 71.9% (n = 138) | |
| Other co-morbidities | ||||
| Yes | 76.3% (n = 229) | 71.3% (n = 77) | 79.2% (n = 152) | 0.124 |
| No | 23.7% (n = 71) | 28.7% (n = 31) | 20.8% (n = 40) | |
*Significant p values are in bold