Table 2.

Guideline elements, frequency of mention, and Derived Core Principles

Guideline elements	Element frequency	Derived core principles
Volunteer motivations	8	Appropriate recruitment, preparation and supervision of volunteers.
Recruitment of volunteers	6
Preparation in cultural competency/language/cultural humility	23
Adequate supervision and limits for students. Participants	17
Volunteer safety	15
Matching volunteers’ skills with community/placement needs	10
Post-participation debriefing/re-entry support	5
Pre-trip volunteer technical job skills preparation	4
Partnerships, collaborations	19	A host partner that defines the program, including the needs to be addressed and the role of the host community in directing and teaching the volunteers.
Needs assessment	14
Clear statement of goals/agreement on purpose	12
Avoid replacing local staff and workers	7
Mutuality of respect and learning between hosts/guests	6
Sustainability: capacity building, training of local staff	16	Sustainability and continuity of programming
Continuity of program/care	10
Multi-week stay	5
Ethical principles for patient care	15	Respect for governance, ethical and legal practices.
Attention to legal and governance issues	12
Appropriate use of equipment and drugs	9
Logistics/specifics of planning	10
Financial transparency	7
Evaluation of impact on host community	13	Regular evaluation of programs for impact and revisions made accordingly, based on data and analysis
Student learning/volunteer benefit	9