Table 1.
Characteristics of the total sample. Mean (SD) are listed except where noted
| Panic disorder patients | Healthy control subjects | F/χ 2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 35.50 (12.74) | 33.82 (12.50) | 0.300 | 0.586 |
| Females, n (%)† | 23 (67.6) | 25 (73.5) | 0.283 | 0.791 |
| Body mass index | 23.41 (3.66) | 23.62 (2.51) | 0.075 | 0.785 |
| Smoking, n (%)† | 16 (47.1) | 13 (38.2) | 0.541 | 0.624 |
| Oral contraceptive use, n (%)† | 8 (34.8) | 10 (40.0) | 0.065 | 1.000 |
| Regular sport engagement, n (%)† | 16 (47.1) | 22 (64.7) | 2.147 | 0.222 |
| Sport engagement (h/week) | 3.13 (2.13) | 4.62 (3.53) | 2.100 | 0.156 |
| Clinical measures | ||||
| PAS total score [0–52] | 19.53 (10.55) | 1.06 (3.12) | 95.783 | 0.000*** |
| ACQ loss of control [0–4] | 1.05 (0.67) | 0.72 (0.73) | 3.907 | 0.052*** |
| ACQ physical concerns [0–4] | 1.45 (0.66) | 0.22 (0.54) | 70.383 | 0.000*** |
| ACQ total score [0–4] | 1.25 (0.54) | 0.47 (0.60) | 32.042 | 0.000*** |
| BSQ total score [0–4] | 1.92 (0.73) | 0.89 (0.59) | 41.789 | 0.000*** |
| MI alone [0–4] | 1.10 (0.86) | 0.17 (0.29) | 35.475 | 0.000*** |
| MI accompanied [0–4] | 1.50 (1.09) | 0.10 (0.22) | 53.295 | 0.000*** |
| BDI [0–63] | 12.84 (9.19) | 3.35 (3.05) | 32.501 | 0.000*** |
| Therapy responder 1 | ||||
| PAS (%) | 10 (29.4) | — | — | — |
| ACQ total score (%) | 18 (52.9) | — | — | — |
| BSQ total score (%) | 10 (29.4) | — | — | — |
| MI alone (%) | 21 (61.8) | — | — | — |
| MI accompanied (%) | 17 (50.0) | — | — | — |
PAS Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, ACQ Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, BSQ Body Sensations Questionnaire, MI Mobility Inventory, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, PASA Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal Scale, VAS Visual Analogue Scale.†χ2-test. 1Response to psychotherapy was defined as at least 50% symptom reduction from pre- to post-therapy in the named questionnaire.***p ≤ 0.001