Extended Data Figure 8. Exposure of tissue culture cells to sodium tungstate.

a, Daily water consumption of the E. coli K-12 inoculated mice. Each dot represents the average daily water consumption (ml/day) of 3 mice, obtained during 8 time points, with 2 cages per treatment group, n=16. b, HeLa57A cells, expressing luciferase under control of a NF-κB-dependent promoter, were treated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and sodium tungstate (W) at the indicated concentrations. Relative luciferase activity was determined after 5 hours. c–d, MODE-K or bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDMs) cells were treated with DSS or DSS+sodium tungstate at the indicated concentration for 24 hours. The release of lactate dehydrogenases into the culture supernatant by MODE-K cells (c) or BMDMs (d) was measured. e–f, Groups of conventionally-raised C57BL/6 mice were treated with DSS for 4 days. Animals were intragastrically inoculated with an equal mixture of the indicated E. coli Nissle 1917 wild-type strain and an isogenic moaA mutant. On the day of inoculation, a subset of mice was switched to DSS+sodium tungstate (W) for 4 days while a control group remained on DSS treatment. b–d, n=3 replicates per condition. e, Schematic representation of experiment. f, The competitive index in the cecal (white bars) and colon content (black bars) was analyzed 5 days after inoculation, DSS (n=5), DSS+W (n=6).

Bars represent the geometric mean ± geometric standard deviation. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001. n.s., not significant.