Figure 12.

Effects of UPARANT on inflammatory markers. (a, c, e) Transcript levels of TNF-α (a), IL-1β (c), and GFAP (e) were evaluated by qPCR. Data were analyzed by the formula 2^−ΔΔCT using Rpl13a and Hprt as internal standards. (b, d, f) Protein levels of TNF-α (b), IL-1β (d), and GFAP (f) were evaluated by ELISA. In untreated or vehicle-treated SDT rats, levels of inflammatory markers were increased with respect to SD rats, while UPARANT treatment reduced this increase. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus control SD rats; ^§P < 0.05, ^§§P < 0.01, and ^§§§P < 0.001 versus vehicle (one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls' multiple comparison posttest; power values: 0.99 (a–d), 0.85 (e), and 0.99 (f)). Each column represents the mean ± SEM of data from 3 independent samples, each containing 1 retina.