Table 2. The terminology of games for educational purposes .

Terms	Definition	Citation
Game	An outcome-oriented activity that proceeds according to a set of rules and often involves focused decision-making	[23]
	An activity with a competitive element, the aim of which was to promote learning and the retention of educational material	[14]
Gaming	The use of game design elements to increase user engagement	[24]
Gamification	The process of applying gaming mechanics, frameworks and principles (competition, rewards, enjoyment) to a nongame-related endeavor (situations, contexts, and scenarios, e.g. workplace collaboration, marketing, education, military, and medical services) to increase user engagement.	[5, 11, 18, 25, 26, 27]
Game resources	Workplace pictures, animations or other visual assets, sounds, videos, etc.	[27]
Educational game	A competitive experiential learning activity with precise rules and various degrees of chance, in which players compete through knowledge and skill in an attempt to reach a specified goal	[7, 9, 10, 13, 28,29]
	A competitive activity with a prescribed setting constrained by rules and procedures, stimulate higher thinking such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation, make the learning process fun and exciting and reduces stress and anxiety, which in turn may increase retention	[9]
Game-based learning	Attempts to situate learners as players and provide learning activities within a recognizable game delivery model	[30]
Game-informed learning	Suggests that it is possible to make teaching practices more game-like by applying the principals of gameplay without necessarily having to be committed to developing a game to produce the same compelling, immersive learning experiences
Free to play games	F2P software space are ubiquitous and free for users access. Meanwhile developers use data for insights on how to increase player acquisition and engagement	[18]
Video game	A mental contest with a goal or objective played on a digital device according to rules that determine what a player can and cannot do inside the game world	[31]
Serious games	Interactive digital technologies whose primary purpose is to educate rather than entertain; include games and simulations that explore interpersonal development, diplomacy, organization, health, education, management, and leadership	[31, 32]
Serious gaming	Educational or virtual gaming as ‘‘any piece of software that merges a non-entertaining purpose (serious) with a video game structure (game).’’	[33, 34]
Serious educational game (SEGs)	Games developed primarily for educational purposes	[31]
Simulation	A sort of "concentrated reality" that offers opportunities to rehearse life-saving skills and knowledge as often as necessary	[21]
	Another category of ‘‘serious games’’, tend to be more realistic, range from simple, case study video scenarios to complex computer simulations that interface with lifelike manikins have different forms of role-playing, computer-based, and manikin-based	[33]
	Practical exercises that lack the competitive elements of games	[14]
Simulation game	Any computerized game whose chief mission is not entertainment and all entertainment games which can be reapplied to a different mission other than entertainment	[35]
Simulation key elements	Feedback, repetitive practice, curriculum integration, range of difficult, multiple learning strategies, controlled environment, individualized learning, defined learning objectives	[24, 30]
Advanced Navigational Simulation (Global Positioning-Type Systems)	A surgical computerized modality based on the synchronization of the intraoperative position of the instruments in which the surgical instruments are accurately tracked and targeted to a preplanned location within the surgical field with the imaging of the patient’s anatomy previously obtained by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	[8]
Virtual reality	The recreation of environments or objects as a complex, computer-generated image capable of encompassing most medical issues and can be used by all health care disciplines	[21]
	Creates virtual worlds using mathematical models and computer programs, allowing users to move in the created virtual world in a way similar to real life	[8]
Second Life	A three-dimensional technology that provides simulation- based virtual settings that provides a way to combine new simulation technologies with role-plays to enhance instruction	[8]
Robotics	A technology focused on more realistic mannequins able to simulate movements and verbal expression of emotions like pain that provides an opportunity for instructors to remote control them to teach the students to anticipate patient’s behavior while working
Haptic technology	A technology that provides users with the ability to interact with virtual objects within the virtual environment via feel and touch