Table 1:
Characteristics of the study population including biomarker levels of in utero , childhood, and peri-adolescent (PA) exposures and DNA methylation at LINE-1 and three environmentally responsive genes.
| N | % | Mean (SD) | Geometric Mean (95% CI) | Min a | Max | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Males | 117 | 47.4 | ||||
| Females | 130 | 52.6 | |||||
| Age at PA Study Visit (yr) | 247 | 10.3 (1.7) | 8 | 14 | |||
| Maternal Smoking | Smoked During Pregnancy | 5 | 2.0 | ||||
| Did Not Smoke During Pregnancy | 242 | 98.0 | |||||
| Specific Gravity | Maternal Trimester 3 Urine (T3) | 220 | 1.013 (0.006) | 1.002 | 1.042 | ||
| Children's PA Urine | 239 | 1.017 (0.007) | 1.002 | 1.034 | |||
| Pb Continuous | Maternal Tibia (µg/g) | 138 | 7.44 (9.71) | −15.08 | 34.51 | ||
| Maternal Patella (µg/g) | 219 | 8.92 (10.24) | −11.94 | 47.07 | |||
| Pregnancy, Average Maternal Blood Pb (µg/dL) | 231 | 4.51 (4.15–4.90) | 0.43 | 19.80 | |||
| Early Childhood Average Blood Pb (µg/dL) | 246 | 4.53 (4.27–4.79) | 1.25 | 15.27 | |||
| Late Childhood Blood (µg/dL) | 167 | 2.89 (2.65–3.16) | 0.79 | 25.09 | |||
| PA Blood Pb (µg/dL) | 247 | 2.75 (2.57–2.95) | 0.98 | 20.00 | |||
| Pb Categorical b | All Low (LLL) | 52 | 22.6 | ||||
| Low in pregnancy (LHH, LLH, LHL) | 62 | 27.0 | |||||
| High in pregnancy (HLL, HHL, HLH) | 66 | 28.7 | |||||
| All High (HHH) | 50 | 21.7 | |||||
| Bisphenol A (BPA) (µg/L) | T3 Urine | 220 | 0.70 (0.63–0.79) | <LOQ | 18.70 | ||
| PA Urine | 239 | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | <LOQ | 33.20 | |||
| Phthalates (µg/L) | Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), T3 | 220 | 112.8 (93.19–136.5) | <LOQ | 9810.00 | ||
| Monoethyl phthalate (MEP), PA | 239 | 82.04 (68.86–97.75) | 3.77 | 4970.00 | |||
| Mono n-butyl phthalate (MBP), T3 | 220 | 53.73 (45.86–62.96) | 1.18 | 1190.00 | |||
| Mono n-butyl phthalate (MBP), PA | 238 | 101.3 (89.90–114.1) | 6.05 | 1760.00 | |||
| Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP), T3 | 220 | 1.90 (1.65–2.18) | <LOQ | 40.10 | |||
| Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP), PA | 239 | 10.17 (9.15–11.31) | 0.97 | 121.00 | |||
| Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), T3 | 220 | 1.09 (0.95–1.24) | <LOQ | 11.10 | |||
| Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), PA | 239 | 2.15 (1.91–2.41) | <LOQ | 140.00 | |||
| Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), T3 | 220 | 4.26 (3.75–4.84) | <LOQ | 109.00 | |||
| Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), PA | 239 | 5.69 (5.08–6.36) | 0.23 | 177.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), T3 | 220 | 5.00 (4.37–5.72) | <LOQ | 62.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), PA | 238 | 5.76 (5.12–6.48) | <LOQ | 203.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), T3 | 220 | 19.23 (16.74–22.10) | 0.19 | 167.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), PA | 238 | 45.55 (40.83–50.81) | 2.62 | 2100.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), T3 | 220 | 11.65 (10.16–13.35) | 0.11 | 133.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), PA | 238 | 20.14 (18.07–22.45) | 1.09 | 751.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, (MECPP), T3 | 220 | 31.32 (27.52–35.64) | 0.29 | 251.00 | |||
| Mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, (MECPP), PA | 238 | 62.32 (56.21–69.09) | 4.15 | 1620.00 | |||
| ∑ DEHP Metabolites c , T3 | 220 | 68.15 (60.06–77.33) | 1.32 | 539.2 | |||
| ∑ DEHP Metabolites c , PA | 238 | 132.6 (119.4–147.2) | 9.85 | 4597 | |||
| DNA Methylation (%) | LINE-1 d | 243 | 78.5 (2.3) | 69.3 | 83.2 | ||
| H19 d | 244 | 58.4 (5.1) | 49.3 | 81.5 | |||
| IGF2 | 229 | 45.2 (4.2) | 31.0 | 58.2 | |||
| HSD11B2 d | 246 | 8.89 (1.08) | 6.02 | 13.4 |
a
LOQ = limit of quantitation.
b
Pb broken down in low/high (<median, ≥median) for: (1) average maternal blood Pb during pregnancy (median = 4.7 µg/dL), (2) child blood Pb at 1–4 years (up to four measures; median = 4.5 µg/dL), (3) PA blood Pb (median = 2.6 µg/dL).
c
DEHP = di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, metabolites are MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP.
d
Standardized to controls within each batch due to experimental batch effects.