Table 4.

Cardiac mechanics of participants, by sex mean ± SD.

	Indigenous men (n=6)	Indigenous women (n=4)	p-Value	Indigenous (n=10)	European men (n=6)	European women (n=4)	European descent (n=10)	p-Valuea	p-Valueb
Peak (systole)
Rotation (°)	4.36 ± 2.75	2.70 ± 2.50	0.36	3.70 ± 2.65	4.14 ± 1.59	2.01 ± 1.14	3.28 ± 1.74	0.05	0.69
Rotation velocity (°·s−1)	41.84 ± 23.43	48.34 ± 20.96	0.67	44.43 ± 21.51	47.11 ± 19.14	45.54 ± 13.96	46.48 ± 16.40	0.86	0.81
Longitudinal strain (%)	−18.37 ± 1.53	−18.82 ± 1.89	0.69	−18.55 ± 1.60	−17.66 ± 2.27	−13.95 ± 9.36	−16.17 ± 5.98	0.49	0.24
Longitudinal strain rate (s−1)	−1.02 ± 0.20	−0.99 ± 0.11	0.80	−1.01 ± 0.16	−0.99 ± 0.13	−0.74 ± 0.50	−0.89 ± 0.33	0.42	0.33
Radial strain (%)	24.98 ± 10.16	24.24 ± 13.17	0.92	24.68 ± 10.74	28.82 ± 13.69	28.24 ± 11.00	28.59 ± 12.02	0.94	0.45
Radial strain rate (s−1)	1.37 ± 0.35	1.43 ± 0.35	0.80	1.39 ± 0.30	1.21 ± 0.29	1.54 ± 0.26	1.34 ± 0.32	0.12	0.72
Circumferential strain (%)	−12.61 ± 3.55	−13.78 ± 2.97	0.60	−13.08 ± 3.21	−12.78 ± 1.91	−12.48 ± 1.90	−12.66 ± 1.81	0.83	0.73
Circumferential strain rate (s−1)	−0.82 ± 0.22	−0.86 ± 0.22	0.79	−0.84 ± 0.21	−0.80 ± 0.22	−0.76 ± 0.06	−0.78 ± 0.17	0.67	0.53
Peak (diastole)
Rotation velocity (°·s−1)	−32.98 ± 12.70	−42.62 ± 15.87	0.32	−36.83 ± 14.08	−42.94 ± 14.88	−51.10 ± 10.95	−46.20 ± 13.44	0.31	0.15
Longitudinal strain rate (s−1)	1.40 ± 0.14	1.40 ± 0.22	0.99	1.40 ± 0.16	1.37 ± 0.37	1.19 ± 0.82	1.30 ± 0.56	0.70	0.60
Radial strain rate (s−1)	−1.35 ± 0.48	−1.51 ± 0.79	0.69	−1.42 ± 0.58	−1.39 ± 0.20	−1.57 ± 0.65	−1.46 ± 0.41	0.58	0.85
Circumferential strain rate (s−1)	0.78 ± 0.36	1.02 ± 0.29	0.29	0.88 ± 0.34	0.99 ± 0.31	0.86 ± 0.23	0.94 ± 0.27	0.46	0.66

^aSex differences among European descendants;

^bEthnic comparison.

SD: standard deviation.