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Effect of caffeine and starvation on nighttime sleep of Canton-S females. (A) Nighttime sleep on starvation or 5% sucrose medium ± 0.5 mg/mL caffeine during the first day of exposure. (B) Nighttime sleep on 5% sucrose diet ± 0.5 mg/mL caffeine during days 2 through 5 of exposure. Values represent average ± SEM. n = 15–16 flies per diet. * p ≤ .05, ** p ≤ .01, **** p ≤ .0001.
