Table 1.

Nonlytic functions of main complement components.

Complement components	Functions	Involved tissue/cells	Source
C5b-9	Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and chemokines	Umbilical vein endothelial cells	Kilgore et al30
	Cell proliferation	Renal mesangial cells	Brandt et al31
		Aortic smooth muscle cells	Niculescu et al32
		Schwann cells	Dashiell et al33
	Expression of growth factors such as PDGF, bFGF	Endothelial cells	Benzaquen et al34
	Induces apoptosis	Renal mesangial cells	Nauta et al35
	Inhibits apoptosis	Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells	Rus et al36
C5a	Inhibits apoptosis	Neutrophil granulocytes	Lee et al37
	Induces apoptosis	Neuronal cell line	Farkas et al38
	Early increase and later suppression in gene expression of CD46, CD55, CD59	Tenocytes	Own unpublished work
	Chemotaxis	MSCs	Schraufstatter et al39
	Chemotaxis	Neutrophil granulocytes	Ehrengruber et al40
	Secretion and activation of MMP-9	Neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes	DiScipio et al41
C3a	Inhibits apoptosis	Mesangial cells	van Beek et al42
	Production of angiogenic factors, such as VEGF, CXCL8/IL-8, and IL-6	MSCs	DiScipio et al43
Hemotaxis		Eosinophil granulocytes	Daffern et al44

Abbreviations: bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-8, interleukin 8; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.