Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients >18 years of age with coronary artery disease, or non-ischemic patients who displayed a variable number of cardiovascular risk factors, and in whom heart disease was suspected (n = 40).
| Characteristic | All patients | Framingham score |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 40) | <20 (n = 19) | ≥20 (n = 21) | |
| Age, years | 62.0 (49.0–69.0) | 46.0 (41.2–62.7) | 66.0 (61.5–72.5)a |
| Sex, male | 23 (57.5) | 8 (42.1) | 15 (71.4) |
| Smoker | 18 (45.0) | 4 (21.1) | 14 (66.6)b |
| Body mass index ≥ 30 | 15 (37.5) | 9 (47.4) | 6 (28.6) |
| WC (≥102cm [m], ≥ 88cm [f]) | 21 (52.5) | 8 (42.1) | 13 (61.9) |
| WtHR (≥1cm [m], ≥ 0.85cm [f]) | 24 (60.0) | 11 (57.9) | 13 (61.9) |
| High blood pressure, ≥ 140/90 mmHg | 25 (62.5) | 9 (47.4) | 16 (76.2) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 24 (60.0) | 6 (31.6) | 18 (85.7)b |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 22 (55.0) | 15 (78.9) | 7 (33.3)b |
| Ischemic heart disease | 19 (47.5) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (90.5)b |
| Framingham score | 20.0 (4.5, 20.0) | 2.3 (1.0, 12.5) | 20.0 (20.0, 28.5)a |
| Echocardiographic data | |||
| EAT thickness, mm | 6.5 (4.8, 9.0) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.9) | 8.0 (6.4, 9.2)a |
| LVEF, % | 58.0 (49.0, 63.0) | 60.5 (55.0, 68.5) | 54.0 (46.5, 60.5)a |
| Global longitudinal strain, % | −17.9 (−13.5, −20.0) | −19.0 (−17.0, −21.0) | −15.0 (−12.0, −20.0)a |
| Diastolic dysfunction18 | |||
| none | 4 (10.0) | 4 (21.0) | 0 (0.0)b |
| mild | 29 (72.5) | 14 (73.7) | 15 (71.4) |
| moderate | 5 (12.5) | 1 (5.3) | 4 (19.0) |
| severe | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.6) |
Continuous variables presented as median (interquartile range); categorical data presented as n (%) patient prevalence.
Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between groups with a Framingham score <20 versus ≥ 20 following: a2-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test or Student's t-test; or bχ2-test or Fisher's exact test.
WC, waist circumference; WtHR, waist-to-hip ratio; [m], male; [f], female; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction.