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Sham group underwent all surgical procedures without induction of blunt chest trauma (TxT) and hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation (H/R). The groups received either ringer`s lactated (RL) or ethyl pyruvate (EP) as resuscitation solution after TxT and hemorrhagic shock. A total of 30 animals were randomly assigned to sham, TxT+H/R_RL or TxT+H/R_EP group (n = 10 per group) for the survival analysis.
