Table 3.
Associations of Baseline Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Health Characteristics With Five Sleep Duration Patterns.
| Characteristics | Became moderate sleepers (n=362) | Persistent short sleepers (n=115) | Became short sleepers (n=635) | Became long sleepers (n=143) | Varying sleepers (n=336) | Overall p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Female | 1.33 (1.02–1.73) | 0.56 (0.35–0.88) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) | <.01 |
| Age | ||||||
| 20–29 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 30–39 years | 0.62 (0.44–0.87) | 2.52 (1.22–5.22) | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 1.50 (0.72–3.13) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | <.01 |
| 40–49 years | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | 2.48 (1.17–5.25) | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | 3.76 (1.88–7.54) | 1.00 (0.68–1.45) | <.01 |
| 50–59 years | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) | 4.23 (1.95–9.17) | 0.77 (0.54–1.08) | 5.59 (2.69–11.60) | 1.05 (0.68–1.61) | <.01 |
| Not married or cohabitant | 1.47 (1.08–2.00) | 2.63 (1.62–4.29) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 1.25 (0.73–2.13) | 1.13 (0.79–1.60) | <.01 |
| Level of education | ||||||
| Low | 1,18 (0.86–1.62) | 1.41 (0.83–2.41) | 1.19 (0.92–1.52) | 1.19 (0.75–1.91) | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) | .53 |
| Moderate | 0.89 (0.62–1.29) | 1.18 (0.64–2.18) | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 1.19 (0.69–2.05) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | .93 |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Unemployed | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 1.48 (0.91–2.41) | 1.28 (1.02–1.60) | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) | 1.51 (1.13–2.03) | .04 |
| Work status | ||||||
| Employed | ||||||
| White collar job | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Blue collar job | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 0.79 (0.45–1.37) | 1.39 (1.08–1.81) | 1.33 (0.81–2.17) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | .13 |
| Unknown job | 2.33 (1.42–3.83) | 0.62 (0.14–2.64) | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | 2.35 (1.06–5.05) | 1.25 (0.65–2.40) | <.01 |
| Unemployed | ||||||
| Housewife/man | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 1.69 (0.89–3.22) | 1.35 (1.03–1.78) | 1.01 (0.58–1.76) | 1.38 (0.96–1.99) | .11 |
| Other | 1.78 (1.18–2.70) | 1.04 (0.48–2.23) | 1.51 (1.04–2.19) | 1.80 (0.96–3.37) | 1.95 (1.26–3.00) | <.01 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Smoker | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | 1.29 (0.88–1.89) | 1.57 (1.22–2.01) | <.01 |
| High alcohol consumption | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.45 (0.94–2.24) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 1.16 (0.78–1.74) | 0.92 (0.69–1.24) | .57 |
| Coffee consumer | 0.76 (0.58–0.99) | 1.08 (0.65–1.79) | 0.84 (0.67–1.04) | 0.79 (0.52–1.19) | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | .24 |
| Occupational physical activity | ||||||
| Low active | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.98 (0.54–1.79) | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.82 (0.49–1.36) | 1.17 (0.83–1.67) | .17 |
| Moderate active | 1.07 (0.82–1.40) | 1.31 (0.82–2.09) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 1.00 (0.75–1.33) | .34 |
| High active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Not applicable | 1.17 (0.74–1.85) | 0.95 (0.40–2.22) | 0.62 (0.41–0.95) | 1.07 (0.53–2.17) | 1.20 (0.76–1.90) | .20 |
| Physically inactive during leisure time | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) | 1.58 (1.06–2.37) | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 1.46 (1.01–2.11) | 1.38 (1.07–1.76) | <.01 |
| Health | ||||||
| Poor self-rated health | 2.11 (1.63–2.73) | 2.07 (1.37–3.14) | 1.50 (1.20–1.87) | 2.15 (1.48–3.12) | 1.69 (1.29–2.22) | <.01 |
| Overweight/obesity | 1.30 (1.02–1.66) | 1.03 (0.69–1.55) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 1.39 (1.08–1.78) | .05 |
| Hypertension | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 1.22 (0.75–2.01) | 1.10 (0.85–1.44) | 0.75 (0.45–1.26) | 1.16 (0.84–1.60) | .47 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.32 (0.95–1.83) | 1.28 (0.77–2.12) | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) | 0.85 (0.52–1.38) | 0.89 (0.64–1.26) | .35 |
| ≥1 Chronic conditions | 0.92 (0.38–2.22) | 1.25 (0.37–4.19) | 1.32 (0.69–2.53) | 1.83 (0.75–4.50) | 1.35 (0.61–2.97) | .76 |
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) and overall p-values obtained by multinomial logistic regression analyses are presented. Reference category: persistent moderate sleepers (n = 2065). All odds ratios were adjusted for gender, age, marital status, level of education, work status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, and BMI at baseline. Statistically significant results are highlighted in bold (p < .05).