Table 4. Summary of the type of microbubbles used including their dosage, administration route, protocols of injection by type of microbubbles (MBs/TMBs), and combination with thrombolytic drugs.
| MB | TMB | MB or TMB associated with thrombolytic drugs | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | Culp et al. (2003) | Moumouh et al. (2010) | Gao et al. (2014) | Culp et al. (2004) | Wang et al. (2008) | Alonso et al. (2009) | Culp et al. (2011) | Ren et al. (2012) | Nedelmann et al. (2010) | Brown et al. (2011) | Flores et al. (2011) | Liu et al. (2012) | Tomkins et al. (2015) | Ren et al. (2015) | Schleicher et al. (2016) | Lu et al. (2016) |
| Animal model | Autologous clot in a swine model | Autologous clot in a rat model | Autologous clot in a swine model | Autologous clot in a swine model | Autologous clot in a rabbit model | Human clot in a rat model | Autologous clot in a rabbit model | Autologous clot in a rabbit model | Filament occlusion in a rat microvascular impairment |
Human clot in a rabbit model | Human clot in a rabbit model | Autologous clot in a rabbit model | Autologous white clot in a rat model | Autologous clot in a rat model | Filament occlusion in a rat model microvascular impairment |
Autologous red and white clot in a rat model |
| Microbubbles type | Optison® | Definity® | Definity® | Decafluorobutane targeted microbubbles GP2B3A, eptifibatide | Targeted Microbubbles GP2B/3A, SF6 gas | Targeted Microbubbles GP2B/3A abciximab | Definity® or 3micronMB, 3microMB targeted on GP2B3A | Targeted Microbubbles GP2B/3A | Sonovue® | Definity® | Definity® | SonoVue® | BR38® | Sonovue® | BR38® or Sonovue® | Lipid shelled perfluoropropane microbubbles |
| Route of administration | IA | IV | IV | IV | IV or IA | IV | IV | IA (intra-arterial catheter) or IV | IV | IV | IV | IV | IV | IV | IV | IV |
| Type and dose of thrombolytic drugs | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | None | rtPA, 10 mg/kg | rtPA, 0.1 to 0.9 mg/kg | rtPA, 0.9mg/kg | Urokinase, 20000 UI/ kg | rtPA, 10 mg/kg | rtPA, dosage not precised | rtPA, 10 mg/kg | rtPA, 5 or 10mg/kg |
| Type of injection | Bolus | Bolus | Infusion | Infusion | Bolus | Infusion | Bolus | Bolus | 4 Bolus | Bolus | Bolus | Bolus of MB, Infusion of urokinase | Bolus of MB, Bolus+infusion of RtPA | Infusion | 4 Bolus | Infusion |
| Volume | 4.5mL (1mL + 0.5 mL every 3 min) | 0.6mL (0.2mL every 10 min) | 90mL | 15 mL | 5mL | 5mL (0.2mL/min) | 6mL | 5mL (1mL x 5) | 0.4mL (0.1mLx4) |
6 mL | 6mL | 2mL | 0.4 mL (0.1mL every 15 min) | 1mL | 0.4mL (0.1x4) |
0.24mL |
| Concentration of Microbubbles (MB/kg), average weight of animals | 0.75–1.2x10^8MB/kg (30kg) | 1.92x10^9MB/kg (240-280g) | Not available (33.9kg) | 4.8x10^9MB/Kg (30kg) |
5.5x10^8MB/kg (3kg) | 4.48x10^10 MB/kg (446g) |
Definity® MB: 1.92x10^9MB/kg For Albumin MB alone or tagged: 9.61x109 MB/Kg (5.2kg) |
3.3x10^8MB/kg | 9x10^6MB/Kg (311g) |
1.92x10^9MB/kg (5.2kg) |
1.92x10^9MB/kg (5.2kg) |
0.6–3.2x10^8MB/kg (3.1kg) |
4x10^8MB/mL 13.3x10^8MB/kg (300g) |
1.7–8.6x10^7MB/Kg (530-620g) | 9x10^6MB/kg (350g) for Sonovue®, 1.8x10^4MB/kg for BR38® (for full dose) | Not available |