Table 9. Univariate associations between anti-epileptic drug treatment and canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) score (from 16–80) in the sub-group of dogs (n = 286) with epilepsy. SF = Seizure frequency.

Variable	Category	N	CCDR Score	B	95% CI	p
Number of AEDs	None	32	34.41 ± 6.85	Reference
	1	128	34.46 ± 8.26	0.06	-3.38–3.49	0.975
	2	38	34.92 ± 10.71	0.51	-3.12–4.13	0.782
	3	37	37.73 ± 8.08	3.32	-0.87–7.52	0.120
	4	6	36. 33 ± 2.07	1.93	-5.80–9.66	0.624
Imepitoin	Yes	45	34.65 ± 9.67	-0.96	-3.78–1.87	0.507
	No	241	35.20 ± 86.65	Reference
Phenobarbital	Yes	181	35.56 ± 9.34	1.39	-0.74–3.52	0.201
	No	105	34.34 ± 7.71	Reference
Potassium Bromide	No	87	35.59 ± 8.40	0.77	-1.47–3.01	0.497
	Yes	199	34.91 ± 8.97	Reference
Levetiracetam	Yes	74	36.82 ± 9.29	2.40	0.06–4.73	0.044
	No	212	34.51 ± 8.55	Reference
AED response	Increased SF	21	37.71 ± 9.12	4.49	0.12–8.86	0.044
	<50% reduction SF	10	38.90 ± 7.25	5.67	-0.17–11.52	0.057
	No change SF	57	34.86 ± 8.12	1.63	-1.60–4.87	0.321
	>50% reduction SF	101	35.39 ± 8.96	2.16	-0.72–5.04	0.140
	Seizure free	53	33.23 ± 8.45	Reference