Fig 5. Conceptual model showing the likely effects of CO₂ concentration, current velocity and shoot density on gross production (GPP) and respiration (R).

(↑) Increase, ($\downarrow$) Decrease, (↑↑) Significant increase. Current pH means the actual sea pH (pH = 8.1). Forecasted pH means the ocean acidification scenario forecasted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pH = 7.65).