. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 8.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Neurol. 2016 Dec 16;13(1):52–64. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.185

Table 1. Evidence for White Matter Damage After Brain Irradiation.

Species	Subject Stage (Adult/Pediatric/Elderly)	Radiation Dose (Gy) WBRT/ PBRT	Fraction (Gy)	Assay	White Matter Changes	Time (mos)	Reference
Human	Adult	50 – 81	1.8 or 2	DTI	Yes	1.5	Nagesh et al, 2008¹⁴⁸
Human	Adult	50 - 60	1.8 or 2	Histology	Yes	-	Burger et al, 2006¹⁷⁰
Human	Adult	35	2.5 or 3	MRI	Yes	11-51	Fuji et al, 2006¹⁷¹
Human	Adult	60 tumor only	2	DTI	No	6	Prust et al, 2015¹³¹
Human	Adult	59 - 60	1.8 or 2	DTI	Yes^**	12	Connor et al, 2016²⁷
Human	Adult	45-59.4	1.8	DTI	Yes^**	36-108	Ravn et al, 2013¹⁴⁶
Human	Pediatric	36 WB; 54 local	Typically 1.8	DTI	Yes	30	Mabbott et al, 2006¹⁷²
Human	Elderly >60 years	50	1.8 or 2	MRI	Prevalent	38	Tsuruda et al, 1987⁷⁷
Mouse	Adult	30	30	Histology	Yes	8	Chiang et al, 1993¹⁷³
Rat	Adult	17.5	17.5^*	Histology	Yes	10	Calvo, et al, 1988^63,173
Rat	Adult	45	5^*	Histology	No	12	Shi et al, 2009²⁹
Monkey	Adult (Rhesus)	40	2^*	Histology	No	6, 12	Nakagaki et al, 1976¹⁸⁸
Monkey	Adult (Rhesus)	60	2	Histology	Yes	6, 12	Nakagaki et al, 1976¹⁸⁸
Monkey	Adult (Rhesus)	80	2	Histology	Yes	6, 12	Nakagaki et al, 1976¹⁸⁸

WBRT = whole brain irradiation

PBRT = partial brain irradiation

DTI = diffusion tensor imaging

MRI = magnetic resonance imaging

Note apparent effect of dose rate; according to histology low dose rate avoided white matter abnormalities, despite cognitive deficits in this model and with this dosing schedule.

^**

Very low total doses elicited white matter DTI changes.