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. 2018 Feb 8;9:569. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-02941-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Transport rates and selectivity. a Transport rates of alkali metal ions (blue), alkaline earth metal ions (green), and transition metal and heavy metal ions (red) measured with ICP, as a function of the hydration radius of the ions. The transport rates are normalized to a 1 M feed solution and measured under 10 V applied voltage. Error bars represent the standard deviation of at least three independent measurements using different membrane samples. The inset shows the transport rates of Na⁺ ions of four independent measurements. Unless otherwise specified, the membranes were 2-µm-thick PET Lumirror® membranes irradiated with 1.4-GeV Bi ions at a fluence of 5 × 10¹⁰ ions cm⁻² and subsequently exposed to UV radiation for 4 h. b Transport rates vs. selectivity of various nanoporous membranes; the ionic sieving membrane studied in this study outperforms in both transport rates and ionic selectivity of K⁺/Mg²⁺ (blue) and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ (red)