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. 2018 Feb 8;8:2668. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20763-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TGFβ1 expression and signaling in VSM cells. (a) Production of TGFβ1 by young vs. old VSM cells as detected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data are presented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). (b,c) VSM cells (young and old) were treated for 24 h with or without 5 ng/ml TGFβ1. (b) Phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 were detected by western blot (Full gel/blot is shown in the Supplementary Figure 5). (c) Quantitation of the protein levels. Data are expressed as Mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05 (untreated vs. TGFβ1 treated); ^#P < 0.05 (young vs. old).