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. 2018 Feb 8;8:2668. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20763-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Traction stress maps of isolated VSM cells. (a) Representative phase contrast and traction field images of young vs. old VSM cells adhered to an elastic gel coated with type I collagen (Young’s modulus of 8 kPa with a Poisson’s ratio of 0.48). The white lines show the cell boundary, colors show the magnitude of the tractions in Pascal (Pa) indexed to the color bar at the right, and arrows show the direction and relative magnitude of the tractions. Scale bar is 50 μm. As described^45,48, for each individual adherent cell, we computed (b) projected area; (c) root mean square (RMS) traction; (d) maximum cumulative force; (e) total strain energy; (f) prestress; and, (g) net contractile moments. Data are presented as Mean ± SE (n = 8–10 individual cells per group).