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. 2018 Feb 8;8:2636. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21067-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Example of yodelling executed in imagination during wakefulness (left panel) and in a lucid dream during sleep (right panel). A patient, who performed singing exercises along with her sister and a young version of herself in her dream, performed a 9-second-long central apnoea surrounded by two ocular codes in REM sleep (right panel). Note how similar the breathing pattern is in the lucid dream and during a similar behaviour executed in imagination during wakefulness. In the imagined condition, there is clear evidence for “pre-phonatory” preparation, with the last breath before the central apnoea pattern showing greater amplitude and sharper dynamics than the previous ones on the flow tracing. This pattern was not present in the lucid dream condition.