Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants.
| Study site | SUN | AHRI | KPS | MRCG | UCRC | EHNRI | UNAM | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 75 | 76 | 76 | 72 | 67 | 73 | 75 | 514 |
| Age, mean ± SD | 38.6 ± 10.7 | 30.9 ± 12.6 | 38.6 ± 14.7 | 35.1 ± 13.4 | 32.5 ± 10.6 | 37.5 ± 14.1 | 36.2 ± 9.5 | 35.7 ± 12.6 |
| Males, n(%) | 35(47) | 40(53) | 39(51) | 55(76) | 42(63) | 33(45) | 39(52) | 283(55) |
| HIV pos, n(%) | 11(15) | 11(14) | 37(49) | 0(0) | 1(1) | 18(25) | 44(59) | 122(24) |
| QFT pos, n(%) | 48(66) | 46(61) | 25(33) | 38(53) | 54(81) | 36(49) | 40(53) | 287(56) |
| *Definite, n(%) | 20(27) | 30(39) | 6(8) | 34(47) | 24(36) | 18(25) | 28(37) | 160(31) |
| $Probable, n(%) | 0(0) | 2(3) | 5(7) | 0(0) | 2(3) | 1(1) | 9(12) | 19(4) |
| £ORD, n (%) | 46(61) | 44 (58) | 55(72) | 35(49) | 38(57) | 39(53) | 17(23) | 274(53.3) |
| Questionable, n(%) | 9(12) | 0(0) | 10(13) | 3(4) | 3(4) | 15(21) | 21(28) | 61(11.9) |
| TB cases♯ (n) | 20 | 32 | 11 | 34 | 26 | 19 | 37 | 179(34.2) |
| Age, mean ± SD | 38.2 ± 9.2 | 28.7 ± 13.6 | 34.5 ± 13.2 | 31.5 ± 11.7 | 33.1 ± 9.5 | 27.9 ± 9.7 | 34.6 ± 9.5 | 35.7 ± 12.6 |
| Males, n(%) | 8(40) | 16(50) | 5(45) | 30(88) | 16(62) | 11(58) | 20(54) | 106(59) |
| HIV pos, n(%) | 4(20) | 7(22) | 4(36) | 0(0) | 1(4) | 5(26) | 23(62) | 44(25) |
| QFT pos, n(%) | 14(74) | 26(81) | 7(64) | 26(76) | 25(96) | 12(63) | 23(62) | 133(75) |
| QFT neg, n(%) | 4(21) | 6(19) | 4(36) | 8(24) | 1(4) | 6(32) | 11(30) | 40(22) |
| QFT Indet., n(%) | 1(5) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(5) | 3(8) | 5(3) |
| ORD | 45 | 44 | 55 | 35 | 38 | 39 | 17 | 274(53.3) |
| Age, mean ± SD | 38.2 ± 11.2 | 32.4 ± 11.7 | 39.4 ± 15.5 | 39.3 ± 14.3 | 31.7 ± 11.0 | 38.6 ± 13.5 | 37.5 ± 10.6 | 36.8 ± 13.2 |
| Males, n(%) | 21(47) | 24(55) | 30(55) | 22(63) | 24(63) | 14(36) | 6(35) | 141(51) |
| HIV pos, n(%) | 6(13) | 4(9) | 26(47) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 6(15) | 9(53) | 51(19) |
| QFT pos, n(%) | 28(62) | 20(45) | 16(29) | 11(31) | 26(68) | 20(51) | 10(59) | 131(48) |
| QFT neg, n(%) | 17(3) | 22(50) | 33(60) | 24(69) | 11(29) | 19(49) | 7(41) | 133(49) |
| QFT Indet., n(%) | 0(0) | 2(5) | 6(11) | 0(0) | 1(3) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 9(3) |
*As previously described in21, participants were classified as Definite TB patients if MTB was isolated from their sputum samples by culture and/or when they had two positive smears and their symptoms responded well to treatment and/or if they had a single positive smear (only one smear done) and their chest X-rays were suggestive of pulmonary TB. $Participants were classified as probable TB if they had one positive sputum smear (in the absence of a culture result) and their symptoms responded well to TB treatment, or when they had very suggestive chest X-rays and their symptoms responded to TB treatment. £Participants were classified as ORD if they had negative cultures, negative smears, and negative chest X-rays and treatment was never initiated by healthcare providers. QuantiFERON results (positive, negative or indeterminate) were obtained using the software provided by the manufacturer. Abbreviations: SUN = Stellenbosch University, South Africa; AHRI = Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ethiopia; KPS = Karonga Prevention Study, Malawi, MRC = Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, UCRC = Makerere University, Uganda; EHNRI = Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Ethiopia; UNAM = University of Namibia, Namibia; SD = standard deviation; QFT = QuantiFERON TB Gold In Tube; pos = positive; neg = negative; indet = indeterminate. ♯TB cases = Definite TB + probable TB cases.