Table 2.
Linear regression results. We present the β- and p-values for tests that were significant for one or both predictor variable, and the mean and standard errors (s.e.) for the parameters shown. NR indicates values not reported.
| parameter | function | urban proximity |
AR exposure |
mean value (s.e.) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | pa | β | pa | unexposed | AR-exposed | captiveb | ||
| keratinocyte-derived chemokine | involved in chemotaxis and activation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages | −1.1 | 0.029* | −0.2 | 0.551 | 2058.2 (399.9) | 979.6 (288.1) | NR |
| stem-cell factor | promotes cell survival, proliferation, and functional activation of cells during haematopoiesis | 1.2 | 0.019* | −0.1 | 0.827 | 578.04 (28.3) | 642.1 (28.9) | NR |
| interleukin-12p40 | stimulates growth and functional differentiation of T lymphocytes | 1.1 | 0.029* | 0.0 | 0.285 | 807.2 (70.4) | 885.5 (83.3) | NR |
| lymphocytes (k cells µl−1) | major cellular component of adaptive cell-mediated and humoral immunity | −0.6 | 0.194 | 0.7 | 0.008** | 1.6 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.2) |
| neutrophils (%) | first cells to respond to inflammation | 0.4 | 0.366 | −0.7 | 0.003** | 79.7 (1.7) | 73.4 (2.5) | 62.3c |
| basophils (k cells µl−1) | responsible for inflammatory reactions; key role in acute and chronic alleric diseases | −1.3 | 0.007** | 0.7 | 0.004** | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.01 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.1) |
| basophils (%) | −1.2 | 0.009** | 0.6 | 0.012* | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.04) | 4.3c | |
| eosinophils (k cells µl−1) | target multicellular parasites; associated with allergic responses | −0.8 | 0.118 | 0.6 | 0.016* | 0.5 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.04) |
| eosinophils (%) | −0.6 | 0.207 | 0.6 | 0.024* | 3.9 (0.6) | 6.9 (1.6) | 7.2c | |
| B lymphocytes (cells µl−1) | humoral immune component of adaptive immune system; secrete antibodies and cytokines | 0.7 | 0.039* | 0.6 | 0.267 | 331.8 (39.2) | 686.6 (122.2) | NR |
| CD4 + CD8 + T (cells µl−1) | T lymphocyte that targets viral-infected or damaged cells | −1.6 | 0.019* | 0.7 | 0.057 | 25.1 (4.8) | 30.5 (7.1) | NR |
| CD4 + CD8 + T lym. % | −1.6 | 0.021* | 0.4 | 0.310 | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | NR | |
| haemoglobin | indicators of iron sufficiency, oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells | 1.1 | 0.027* | −0.2 | 0.422 | 12.7 (0.2) | 12.9 (0.2) | 12.0 (0.2) |
| MCHC | 1.3 | 0.011* | −0.5 | 0.043* | 32.2 (0.4) | 31.6 (0.4) | 32.7 (0.2) | |
| alkaline phosphatase | enzyme indicative of liver function | 0.9 | 0.015* | −0.1 | 0.556 | 27.3 (3.8) | 31.5 (8.3) | 19.0 (1.9) |
| blood urea nitrogen | marker of kidney function | −1.0 | 0.046* | 0.1 | 0.713 | 36.1 (1.6) | 34.6 (1.5) | 32.0 (0.9) |
| calcium | integral to bone, muscle, nerve function | 0.8 | 0.028* | 0.1 | 0.527 | 9.4 (0.1) | 9.5 (0.1) | 9.8 (0.1) |
| phosphorus | integral to bone, muscle, nerve, a kidney function; tissue repair and maintenance | 0.9 | 0.007** | 0.3 | 0.110 | 5.8 (0.2) | 6.48 (0.2) | 5.4 (0.1) |
| creatinine | protein indicator of kidney function | 0.2 | 0.613 | −0.5 | 0.049* | 1.7 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.1) |
aFalse discovery rate-corrected p-values; *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01.
b2011, International Species Information System (ISIS), Apple Valley, Minnesota 55124–8151, USA.
cValues not available in ISIS records and so approximated using available data calculated with reported mean absolute cellular counts.