Figure 3. The paradigms for learning and memorizing simple and complicated images and languages.

A) Learning apple’s image and word “APPLE” composed by letters associatively. Intramodal associative memory cells (red) in the visual cortex (VC) are recruited through their mutual innervations to encode apple image about different features. Intramodal associative memory cells (blue) in auditory cortex (AC) are recruited through their mutual innervations to encode word “APPLE” based on their composed letters by listening the sound of letters and word. The association of apple’s image and APPLE leads to the co-activation of associative memory cells in the visual cortex and auditory cortex, so that mutual synapse innervations between these two groups of associative memory cells as well as cross-modal associative memory cells are recruited. B) Learning orange’s image and word “ORANGE” composed with letters associatively. Intramodal associative memory cells (orange) in the visual cortex (VC) are recruited by their mutual innervations to encode orange image about different features. Intramodal associative memory cells (cyan) in auditory cortex (AC) are recruited by through their mutual innervations to encode word “ORANGE” based on their composed letters by listening the sound of letters and word. The association of orange’s image and ORANGE leads to the co-activation of associative memory cells in the visual cortex and auditory cortex, such that mutual synapse innervations between these two groups of associative memory cells as well as cross-modal associative memory cells are recruited. C) Learning banana’s image and word “BANANA” composed with letters associatively. Intramodal associative memory cells (green) in the visual cortex (VC) are recruited through their mutual innervations to encode banana image about different features. Intramodal associative memory cells (green) in the auditory cortex (AC) are recruited by their mutual innervations to encode word “BANANA” based on their composed letters by listening the sound of letters and word. The association of orange’s image and BANANA leads to the co-activation of associative memory cells in the visual cortex and auditory cortex, so that mutual synapse innervations between these two groups of associative memory cells as well as cross-modal associative memory cells are recruited. D) Associatively learning images (apple, orange and banana) and words “APPLE, ORANGE and BANANA” coactivates associative memory cells in the visual cortex for these images as well as associative memory cells in the auditory cortex for these words. These groups of cross-modal associative memory cells are mutually innervated, and their coactivity upregulate their functional state. These functionally regulated associative memory cells are easily activated by the cues that lead to dominant recall and memory presentation, in which the coactivity-dependent cycle in the refinement and recruitment of associative memory cells is involved. The functionally upregulated cells for encoding images are labeled by dark red, orange and green color, as well as those for encoding words are labeled by dark blue, in comparison with those before their associative coactivation. Cells include ready-recruited neurons and naïve neurons are labeled by yellow. All of the neurons receive their innate input (yellow axons).