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. 2018 Mar 1;28(7):507–520. doi: 10.1089/ars.2016.6911

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

2DG reversibly dampens circadian rhythms in mouse fibroblasts. (A) 2DG immediately dampens PER2::LUC rhythms (left panel), which gradually recover on a change to 2DG-free media (black arrows, right panel); the ratio of glucose and 2DG concentrations, respectively, is indicated in square brackets. Mean ± SEM of representative experiments are plotted; statistical test: circadian fit versus straight line. (B) Effect of 2DG treatment on PER2::LUC amplitude is dose dependent, whereas the effect on period is not (mean ± SEM, one-way ANOVA for each is reported). (C) 2DG treatment does not significantly decrease cellular ATP levels after 72 h (mean ± SEM, replicate number, and Holm-Sidak p-values vs. control). (D) 2DG significantly reduces glycolytic flux (ECAR; mean ± SEM, replicate number, and Holm-Sidak p-values vs. control). (E) Comparison of bioluminescence from 2DG-treated PER2::LUC and SV40:LUC fibroblasts at 24 h (mean ± SEM, two-way ANOVA for 2DG vs. reporter interaction is reported). (F) Effect of glucose depletion on PER2::LUC rhythms (representative concentrations, mean ± SEM). (G) Effect of different glucose concentrations on circadian period and PER2::LUC bioluminescence at 24 h (one-way ANOVA p-values for each are reported). *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05. 2DG, 2-deoxyglucose.