Table 1.
Selected socio-demographic and substance use characteristics of participants who have overdosed
| Characteristic | Overall n (%) n = 93 |
Never overdosed n (%) n = 59 |
Have overdosed n (%) n = 34 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 52 (56%) | 33 (55%) | 19 (56%) | 0.842 |
| Female | 37 (40%) | 24 (41%) | 13 (38%) | |
| Something else | 4 (4%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (6%) | |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 13 (14%) | 10 (17%) | 3 (9%) | 0.369 |
| White | 52 (56%) | 30 (51%) | 22 (65%) | |
| Mixed or other | 28 (30%) | 19 (33%) | 9 (26%) | |
| Homeless ever | ||||
| Yes | 55 (59%) | 30 (51%) | 25 (74%) | 0.034 |
| No | 38 (41%) | 29 (49%) | 9 (26%) | |
| Homeless last 6 months | ||||
| Yes | 17 (18%) | 12 (20%) | 5 (15%) | 0.521 |
| No | 76 (82%) | 47 (80%) | 29 (85%) | |
| Ever arrested | ||||
| Yes | 68 (73%) | 37 (63%) | 31 (91%) | 0.004 |
| No | 25 (27%) | 22 (37%) | 3 (9%) | |
| Arrested last 6 months | ||||
| Yes | 16 (17%) | 6 (10%) | 10 (29%) | 0.025 |
| No | 77 (83%) | 53 (90%) | 24 (71%) | |
| Ever incarcerated | ||||
| Yes | 36 (39%) | 19 (32%) | 17 (50%) | 0.098 |
| No | 57 (61%) | 40 (68%) | 17 (50%) | |
| Ever purchased fentanyl online or the “dark web” | ||||
| Yes | 5 (5%) | 2 (3%) | 3 (9%) | 0.510 |
| No | 88 (95%) | 57 (97%) | 31 (91%) | |
| Regular Heroin Use a | ||||
| Yes | 34 (37%) | 16 (27%) | 18 (53%) | 0.015 |
| No | 59 (63%) | 43 (73%) | 16 (47%) | |
| Regular cocaine usea | ||||
| Yes | 34 (37%) | 19 (32%) | 15 (44%) | 0.263 |
| No | 59 (63%) | 40 (68%) | 19 (56%) | |
| Regular non-medical prescription opioid usea,b | ||||
| Yes | 50 (54%) | 26 (44%) | 24 (71%) | 0.015 |
| No | 43 (46%) | 33 (56%) | 10 (29%) | |
| Ever been prescribed fentanyl | ||||
| Yes | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (6%) | 0.931 |
| No | 89 (96%) | 57 (97%) | 32 (94%) | |
| Ever been in alcohol or drug treatment program | ||||
| Yes | 62 (67%) | 33 (56%) | 29 (85%) | 0.004 |
| No | 31 (33%) | 26 (44%) | 5 (14%) | |
| Ever injected | ||||
| Yes | 45 (48%) | 20 (34%) | 25 (74%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 48 (52%) | 39 (66%) | 9 (26%) | |
| Injected last 6 months | ||||
| Yes | 39 (42%) | 15 (25%) | 24 (71%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 54 (58%) | 44 (75%) | 10 (29%) | |
| Ever seen someone overdose | ||||
| Yes | 59 (63%) | 29 (49%) | 30 (88%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 34 (37%) | 30 (51%) | 4 (12%) | |
aAt least once a week or every day
bIncludes Percocet, Vicodin, tramadol, OxyContin, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, or morphine