Table 2.
Association between the neighborhood environment and being overweight or obesea among men residing in California by race/ethnicity, Multiethnic Cohort, 1993–1996.
| Neighborhood Attributes | African Americans (n=11,466) | Japanese Americans (n=6,042) | Latinos (n=21,625) | Whites (n=5,090) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Overweight vs. Normal Weight | Obese vs. Normal Weight | Overweight vs. Normal Weight | Obese vs. Normal Weight | Overweight vs. Normal Weight | Obese vs. Normal Weight | Overweight vs. Normal Weight | Obese vs. Normal Weight | |
|
| ||||||||
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Neighborhood SESb,c | ||||||||
| Quintile 5: high | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.01 (0.80–1.26) | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.69 (1.15–2.49) | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 1.16 (0.95–1.40) | 1.09 (0.9–1.31) | 1.48 (1.13–1.95) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 1.51 (1.11–2.04) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 1.06 (0.66–1.69) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) | 1.33 (1.09–1.61) | 1.29 (1.03–1.61) | 1.75 (1.27–2.41) |
| Quintile 2 | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.37 (1.02–1.85) | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 0.86 (0.45–1.63) | 1.08 (0.93–1.24) | 1.43 (1.17–1.74) | 1.33 (1.03–1.73) | 2.00 (1.39–2.88) |
| Quintile 1: low | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 1.48 (1.07–2.06) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 1.78 (0.77–4.13) | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) | 1.52 (1.21–1.91) | 1.34 (0.94–1.91) | 2.11 (1.29–3.44) |
| Ptrend | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| Population density (persons per km2)c | ||||||||
| Quintile 5: high | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 0.70 (0.36–1.33) | 1.03 (0.93–1.16) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.87 (0.59–1.27) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | 0.65 (0.35–1.22) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 0.79 (0.60–1.06) | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) |
| Quintile 2 | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 1.10 (0.86–1.42) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 1.01 (0.86–1.20) | 0.82 (0.61–1.09) | 0.77 (0.50–1.18) |
| Quintile 1: low | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) | 1.11 (0.83–1.50) | 0.88 (0.45–1.71) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) |
| Ptrend | 0.96 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.21 |
| % commute by car/motorcyclec | ||||||||
| Quintile 1: low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.07 (0.89–1.28) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.92 (0.47–1.77) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 1.28 (0.96–1.69) | 1.31 (0.87–1.98) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 1.19 (0.59–2.40) | 0.96 (0.84–1.08) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 1.09 (0.80–1.47) | 1.47 (0.98–2.18) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.12 (0.94–1.32) | 1.21 (0.97–1.52) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 1.02 (0.52–2.00) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 1.40 (1.03–1.89) | 1.54 (1.02–2.34) |
| Quintile 5: high | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) | 1.08 (0.53–2.18) | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 1.42 (1.03–1.96) | 1.78 (1.15–2.76) |
| Ptrend | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.57 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| REId,e | ||||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quartile 1: low | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) |
| Quartile 2 | 1.01 (0.82–1.23) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.85 (0.49–1.46) | 0.93 (0.82–1.04) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 1.03 (0.75–1.43) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.88 (0.68–1.12) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 0.74 (0.44–1.27) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) |
| Quartile 4: high, <1 | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 1.01 (0.79–1.31) | 0.74 (0.41–1.32) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.91 (0.77–1.09) | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.81 (0.57–1.17) |
| Quartile 4: high, ≥1 | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 0.96 (0.63–1.48) | 2.24 (0.92–5.48) | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) | 0.90 (0.64–1.25) | 1.37 (0.84–2.23) | 1.32 (0.71–2.46) |
| No restaurant | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 1.07 (0.72–1.58) | 0.89 (0.44–1.82) | 0.87 (0.65–1.15) | 0.74 (0.53–1.04) | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) |
| Ptrendg | 0.94 | 0.46 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 0.16 |
| RFEIe,f | ||||||||
| 0 | 1.33 (0.88–2.03) | 0.93 (0.52–1.66) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.95 (0.47–1.90) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 1.06 (0.74–1.51) | 0.95 (0.55–1.63) |
| Quartile 1: low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 1.06 (0.64–1.74) | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) |
| Quartile 3 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) |
| Quartile 4: high | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 1.10 (0.69–1.75) | 1.11 (1.00–1.25) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.10 (0.89–1.37) | 1.23 (0.91–1.67) |
| No retail food | 1.02 (0.67–1.57) | 0.89 (0.52–1.53) | 1.04 (0.66–1.66) | 1.83 (0.84–3.97) | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 1.29 (0.87–1.91) | 1.15 (0.81–1.65) | 1.14 (0.61–2.12) |
| Ptrendg | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.61 | 0.34 |
| Number of businessese | ||||||||
| Quintile 5: high | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 1.26 (0.83–1.90) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) | 0.90 (0.75–1.09) | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | 1.10 (0.99–1.24) | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) |
| Quintile 2 | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 1.28 (0.79–2.09) | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.04 (0.89–1.20) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) |
| Quintile 1: low | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) | 0.75 (0.41–1.35) | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 0.83 (0.63–1.09) | 0.96 (0.64–1.42) |
| Ptrend | 0.73 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.67 |
| Number of parkse | ||||||||
| ≥3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 0.79 (0.68–0.91) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 1.08 (0.71–1.63) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.88 (0.75–1.02) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 0.85 (0.63–1.14) |
| 1 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 1.42 (0.96–2.10) | 0.97 (0.87–1.10) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) |
| 0 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.82 (0.68–1.00) | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) | 0.81 (0.51–1.27) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.88 (0.70–1.09) | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) |
| Ptrend | 0.54 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.99 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.44 |
| Traffic density (vehicle miles/mile2)e | ||||||||
| Quintile 1: low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.14 (0.98–1.34) | 1.02 (0.84–1.26) | 1.00 (0.85–1.19) | 1.16 (0.76–1.78) | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | 0.90 (0.66–1.21) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 1.04 (0.64–1.69) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) |
| Quintile 5: high | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 1.04 (0.81–1.32) | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 1.44 (0.88–2.35) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.66 (0.48–0.91) |
| Ptrend | 0.25 | 0.86 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.01 |
NOTE: Values in bold represent P < 0.05.
Multinomial logistic regression models for OR and 95% CI for being overweight (BMI 25–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30) versus normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) adjusted for age, marital status, BMI at age 21, education, smoking and cigarette pack years, alcohol intake, hours of moderate and vigorous activity per day, density of red meat, density of processed red meat, density of total vegetables, density of all fruits plus juice, density of all dairy products, total calories, all variables listed in the table, and clustering by block group.
Based on SES composite index of seven indicator variables for Census block groups (Liu education index, proportion with a blue collar job, proportion older than age 16 in the workforce without a job, median household income, percent below 200% of the poverty line, median rent, median house value).
U.S. Census block group-level measure; categories based on distribution for block groups in Los Angeles County.
Ratio of the number of fast-food restaurants to other restaurants.
Businesses/parks within walking distance of residence (1.6 km pedestrian network) or traffic density within 0.5 km radius of residence; quintiles/quartiles based on study participant distribution.
Ratio of the average number of convenience stores, liquor stores, and fast-food restaurants to supermarkets and farmers’ markets.
No business (restaurant or retail food) was excluded in linear trend analysis.