Table 1.

Included studies.

	Participants (male/female, age)	Type and duration of vestibular rehabilitation	Results
VR vs no treatment
Norrè and Beckers¹³	40 patients (16 males/24 females). Mean age: 50.2 years (range: 20–80 years). 11 patients were over 60 years of age (4 males/7 females).	Exercises, selected according to the results obtained by the VHT test battery, are executed actively and vigorously two or three sessions daily at home and repeated five times successively.	The cumulative percentages of cured cases increased from 27% to 93% for the total group. For patients older than 60 years, this progression was slower from 9% to 73%.
Banfield et al.¹⁶	25 patients Mean age of the group followed up was 53 (range: 26–80) years	The exercise consists of seating the patient and then laying him on the affected side. Then patient returns to the upright position and the exercise is repeated. This exercise must be repeated three times a day for a month.	Good short-term response to treatment, recurrence in 76% of cases. 12 of 19 patients with recurrent symptoms have been performing the exercises on their own initiative.
Tanimoto et al.¹⁷	80 patients (55 women and 25 men). Mean age: 64 years	Patients received illustrated instructions for self-treating manoeuvre.	The rates of resolution of both symptoms and nystagmus were 69% in the Epley-alone group and 88% in the self-treatment group.
VR versus medications
Fujino et al.¹⁸	61 patients divided. Group 1: 20 patients; Group 2: 21 patients; and Group 3: 20 patients Mean age – Group 1: 51.8 years; Group 2: 47 years; and Group 3: 53.6 years	VT consists of Brandt-Daroff and Dix-Hallpike modified exercises.	The global rate of improvement is significantly improved in Groups 2 and 3 compared to Group 1 (62% in Group 2, 70% in Group 3 and only 30% in Group 1).
Kulcu et al.¹⁹	38 patients (10 males/28 females). Mean age: 46 years	The exercise group was instructed in modified Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises six times a day for 4 weeks. Exercises were composed of a series of exercises that encourage head and eye movements.	There were significant differences between groups in the mean scores of the VDI and the VSS at the end of the study in favour of the exercise group.
VR vs CRP
Steenerson and Cronin²⁰	40 patients – control group: 6 men and 14 women; treatment groups: 7 men and 13 women. Mean age: CRP group 53 years, VHT group 48 years and control group 51 years.	VHT group patients were provided habituation movements. The second group of patients was treated with CRP as described by Epley.	14 (82%) patients in the CRP group were symptom free after 3 months. In the VHT group, 63% of patients were symptom free at 3 months.
Soto Varela et al.²¹	106 patients Mean age of the group followed up was 55.5 (range: 18–77) years	VR (Brandt-Daroff (B-D) habituations exercises) was performed at home three times daily until disappearance of symptoms. In Groups B and C, the manoeuvres were repeated weekly until the symptoms disappeared.	At the 1-week follow-up, similar cure rates were obtained with the Semont and Epley manoeuvre (74% and 71%, respectively), both cure rates being significantly higher than that obtained with B-D exercises (24%).
Angeli et al.²²	47 patients (>70 years old) – control group: 9 men and 10 women; treatment group: 12 men and 16 women. Mean age: control group 74 years and treatment group 73 years.	VR included particle-dispersing exercises and VHT.	CRP is more effective than no treatment, VR can be added to improve the results in the treatment of BPPV.
Chang et al.²³	26 patients (15 females/11 males) Mean age: control group 54 years and experimental group 57 years.	Subjects in the experimental group received an additional 40-min vestibular-stimulated exercise programme, three times a week for 4 weeks. The exercises included oculomotor exercises, repeated head movement exercises, balance training exercise and functional activities.	Additional exercise training for patients with BVPP increased patients’ static and dynamic balance performance and enhanced functional gait ability.
Helminski et al.²⁴	39 patients (11 males/28 females). Mean age: control group 64 years and treatment group 55 years.	Subjects in treatment were trained in and instructed to perform two cycles of the self-CRP 1 time per day and were provided an illustrated handout and digital video disc of the exercises.	There was no significant difference in response to treatment. Of the 16 subjects where symptoms had recurred, 6 initiated self-treatment before evaluation in the clinic and treated themselves. 100% of these patients successfully resolved their symptoms by themselves.
Amor-Dorado et al.²⁵	81 patients: 41 males/40 females Mean age: CRP group 58 years, B-D exercise group 60 years.	Treatment B was based on B-D exercise, and it was self-performed domiciliary.	At Day 7, DHM was negative in 80.5% of the CRP treated patients and in 25% of those treated by B-D exercise. At Month 1: 92.7% in CRP vs 42.5% in the B-D exercise had a negative DHM. The recurrence rate at 48 months was 35.5% (15/41) in B-D exercise and 36.6% (9/31) in the CRP group.
Ribeiro et al.²⁶	14 patients: 11 females/3 males. Mean age: experimental group 69 years and control group 73 years.	VRT was performed twice a week, 50 min each, over a 12-week period. The balance VRT included oculomotor exercises, habituation exercises standing and dynamic balance training, along with lower-limb muscles strengthening	No differences in dizziness, quality of life and standing balance. Significant differences were observed in dynamic balance measures between groups at 9 and 13 weeks. No significant differences in dizziness symptoms through VAS.

VHT: vestibular habituation training; VR: vestibular rehabilitation; VSS: Vertigo Symptom Scale; VDI: Vertigo, Dizziness, Imbalance Questionnaire; CRP: canalith repositioning procedure; DHM: Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre.