Table 5. Laboratory parameters before and after 3-month oral spermidine supplementation.
| Placebo group | Spermidine group | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | p-value | η2 | |||||
| Leukocytes [/nl] | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 0.474 | 0.021 | ||||
| Erythrocytes [/pg] | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 0.328 | 0.038 | ||||
| Quick [%] | 98.5 ± 11.0 | 98.0 ± 7.3 | 101.5 ± 9.3 | 98.9 ± 6.4 | 0.914 | 0.001 | ||||
| INR | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.957 | 0.000 | ||||
| Fibrinogen [g/l] | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.060 | 0.139 | ||||
| HbA1c [%] | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 0.334 | 0.037 | ||||
| IGF [ng/ml] | 102.5 ± 29.0 | 104.0 ± 20.3 | 97.4 ± 21.2 | 101.5 ± 28.3 | 0.821 | 0.002 | ||||
| Insulin [mU/l] | 7.5 ± 2.3 | 7.2 ± 3.2 | 7.9 ± 4.1 | 7.0 ± 3.5 | 0.572 | 0.013 | ||||
| Homocysteine [µmol/l] | 12.9 ± 3.3 | 15.3 ± 4.1 | 12.4 ± 3.2 | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 0.060 | 0.134 | ||||
| Cholesterol [mg/dl] | 225.6 ± 32.4 | 218.8 ± 40.3 | 215.6 ± 28.6 | 210.6 ± 25.2 | 0.945 | 0.000 | ||||
| HDL [mg/dl] | 65.6 ± 16.0 | 68.9 ± 14.5 | 72.5 ± 12.0 | 75.5 ± 15.2 | 0.877 | 0.001 | ||||
| LDL [mg/dl] | 147.6 ± 32.6 | 141.0 ± 36.8 | 134.4 ± 23.5 | 126.1 ± 25.2 | 0.630 | 0.009 | ||||
| Triglycerides [mg/dl] | 96.4 ± 40.3 | 101.0 ± 44.2 | 88.5 ± 39.8 | 84.6 ± 24.6 | 0.290 | 0.045 | ||||
| Glucose [mg/dl] | 91.9 ± 13.9 | 92.9 ± 12.4 | 89.1 ± 7.0 | 89.9 ± 7.5 | 0.732 | 0.005 | ||||
| Liver | ||||||||||
| AS T [U/l] | 28.7 ± 10.7 | 29.9 ± 7.1 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 25.8 ± 5.3 | 0.120 | 0.094 | ||||
| ALT [U/l] | 20.9 ± 8.9 | 20.9 ± 5.9 | 19.9 ± 3.8 | 22.2 ± 7.3 | 0.357 | 0.034 | ||||
| Kidney | ||||||||||
| Creatinine [mg/dl] | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.204 | 0.064 | ||||
| eGFR | 84.2 ± 12.4 | 83.9 ± 10.3 | 82.6 ± 8.2 | 79.1 ± 10.3 | 0.125 | 0.092 | ||||
| Inflammation | ||||||||||
| CRP [µg/ml] | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 3.4 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 0.848 | 0.002 | ||||
| TNF-alpha [pg/ml] | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 0.803 | 0.003 | ||||
| IFN-γ [pg/ml] | 8.1 ± 5.5 | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 3.9 | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 0.231 | 0.057 | ||||
| IL-2 [pg/ml] | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.314 | 0.041 | ||||
| IL-6 [pg/ml] | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.606 | 0.011 | ||||
| GM-CSF [pg/ml] | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.458 | 0.023 | ||||
Data are given as mean ± standard deviation. Differences of parameters at follow-up were estimated via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). One subject of the spermidine group is missing in each of the following parameters: Quick, INR, Fibrinogen, IGF, IL-6, and GM-CSF. ALT: alanine aminotransferase, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. CRP: c-reactive protein, IFN-γ: interferon-gamma, IL-2: interleukin-2, IL-6: interleukin-6; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, INR: international normalized ratio of blood clotting, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, IGF: insulin-like growth factor-1; HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, η2: partial eta-squared.