Table 2.
Student-level Average Percent School Breakfast Program Participation Before and During Implementation of only the Grab-and-Go Component of the Project BreakFAST Intervention among a Cohort of Rural Minnesota High School Students
| Mean | Standard deviation | Median | Range | P values for changea,b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Sample (N=364)
| |||||
| Time 1c | 7.6 | 13.7 | 1.2 | 0–81.9 | |
| Time 2d | 10.0 | 17.7 | 1.3 | 0–92.2 | Time 2 versus Time 1: .29 |
| Time 3e | 21.9 | 25.6 | 11.3 | 0–95.2 | Time 3 versus Time 1: <.001 Time 3 versus Time 2: <.001 |
|
Students Eligible for Free/Reduced-Price School Meals (n=126) | |||||
| Time 1c | 13.9 | 18.8 | 5.4 | 0–81.9 | |
| Time 2d | 19.5 | 24.7 | 7.6 | 0–92.2 | Time 2 versus Time 1: .71 |
| Time 3e | 30.7 | 30.5 | 22.2 | 0–95.2 | Time 3 versus Time 1: <.001 Time 3 versus Time 2: <.001 |
|
Students Not Eligible for Free/Reduced-Price School Meals (n=238) | |||||
| Time 1c | 4.3 | 8.4 | 0.6 | 0–44.6 | |
| Time 2d | 5.0 | 9.3 | 0.6 | 0–46.1 | Time 2 versus Time 1: .70 |
| Time 3e | 17.2 | 21.2 | 7.8 | 0–87.0 | Time 3 versus Time 1: <.001 Time 3 versus Time 2: <.001 |
|
Students of Non-Hispanic White Race (n=284) | |||||
| Time 1c | 6.2 | 11.7 | 0.9 | 0–66.3 | |
| Time 2d | 8.0 | 14.7 | 1.2 | 0–89.9 | Time 2 versus Time 1: .32 |
| Time 3e | 19.7 | 23.5 | 9.8 | 0–90.1 | Time 3 versus Time 1: <.001 Time 3 versus Time 2: <.001 |
|
Students of Hispanic Ethnicity or a Non-white Race (n=80) | |||||
| Time 1c | 13.0 | 18.5 | 4.6 | 0–81.9 | |
| Time 2d | 17.1 | 24.5 | 2.9 | 0–92.2 | Time 2 versus Time 1: .93 |
| Time 3e | 29.5 | 30.9 | 19.8 | 0–95.2 | Time 3 versus Time 1: <.001 Time 3 versus Time 2: <.001 |
Models are based on log-transformed percent School Breakfast Program participation. The overall sample model includes a random effect of school and the following fixed effect components (P value): time (Time 1 P<.001, Time 2 P<.001, Time 3=reference), wave assignment (Wave 1 P=.51, Wave 2 = reference), eligibility for free/reduced-price school meals (P<.001), ethnicity/race (P=.64), chronic absenteeism (P=.32), and baseline grade level (P=.36). The P values presented in the table are adjusted values using the Tukey-Kramer method to account for multiple comparisons. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for the overall model is 4618.6.
Fit was also examined for the following subsample models: Students Eligible for Free/Reduced-Price School Meals (AIC=1645.6), Students Not Eligible for Free/Reduced-Price School Meals (AIC=2987.9), Students of Non-Hispanic White Race (AIC=3601.0), Students of Hispanic Ethnicity or a Non-white Race (AIC=1012.3).
Time 1 represents the first baseline school year of participation for incoming 9th and 10th grade students.
Time 2 represents the second baseline school year of participation for 10th and 11th grade students.
Time 3 represents participation of 11th and 12th grade students during the school year of implementation.