Figure 1.

Approved host-targeted drugs can be repurposed as countermeasures against intracellular pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria such as Mtb, and protozoa such as malaria. Depicted are representative stages of the intracellular pathogen lifecycle that are often targeted by antimicrobials. Shown are examples of repurposed drugs and the relevant corresponding pathway and target protein(s), if known. Only targets that are validated as either antimicrobial and/or molecular targets underlying the antimicrobial effect are shown. CypA (Cyclophilin A). Blunt arrows represent inhibition, whereas pointed arrow represents activation.