Table 3.

Mixed Methods Studies

Author	Study Purpose	Sample	Setting	Design	Results
Franzen & Smith, 2010	Investigate influences on shopping and eating behavior of Hmong adultsliving in St. Paul/Minneapolis, Minnesota	69	MN	Questionnaire, focus group, and community mapping	St. Paul, MN has the highest density of the Hmong population as well as Hmong/Asian grocery stories. The current consumer price index (CPI) was only available for a limited number of foods which means there were less ethnic food for Hmong. Those who were born outside of the US and lived less than 5 years in the US reported significant increase of some American food. In contrast, those who were born outside of the US and lived more than 5 years reported increased consumption of all foods after moving to the US. Moreover, those born in the US reported to eat less produce food, hunt food, and drink milk.
Goto, Vue, Xiong, & Wolffa, 2010	Examine perspectives on food, culture, and health and nutrition education among Hmong mothers with middle school children	40	CA	Q methodology included sorting and ranking statements regarding food culture, acculturation, child obesity, and health and discussing in depth their choices	Mothers fell into three groups based on their perspectives: (1) traditional food culture preservers (n = 20), (2) financially struggling health-conscious mothers (n = 11), and (3) mothers concerned about a parent-child generational gap (n = 4). There was no significant difference between these three groups. Mothers in group 1 reported enjoying cooking and eating Hmong food. They disagree that Hmong food are cheaper than American food. Mothers in group 2 reported a lack of financial assistance to acquire fruits and vegetables. These mothers were concerned about excessive snacking that may led to future health problems and strongly agreed that it is important to encourage physical activities among their children. Mothers in group 3 shared that there is a different food preference between them and their children (Hmong food vs American food).
Grazier, Armenian, & Vohra, 2014	Examined a case of life-threatening cinchonism from illicit purchase of chloroquine and survey local ethnic markets to determine what medications are sold without a prescription.		MN	Case report and survey	Ethnic markets sold discontinued FDA prescription medications. Five were identified as discontinued by the FDA: diphenidol, phenacetin, metamizole, phenylbutazone, and sibutramine.
Ikeda et al., 1991	Collected information necessary to design effective nutrition education programs that would meet the unique needs and interests of the Hmong.	205	CA	Used focus groups interviews and administered two questionnaires:1) Food and Habit Questionnaire; 2) the Adult EFNEP Family Record Form	Over 50% of Hmong reported consuming two meals per day. Hmong people’s meals consist of white rice, vegetables, and meat. Snacking was not common. Eighty-four percent of Hmong males reported that food was prepared by their wife.
Kue & Thorburn, 2013	Explored Hmong women and men’s knowledge of hepatitis B, their screening, and vaccination behavior.	83	Oregon	Questionnaire and qualitative interviews Interview questions were guided by Kleinman’s explanatory models approach	Ninety-six percent participants have heard Hepatitis B. Fifty-three percent have been screened for Hepatitis B. Fifty percent reported being vaccinated. There was low knowledge about transmission of Hepatitis B. Participants reported lack of word in their Hmong language about their illness. Participants reported fearing about the cost of treatment and the effects of cancer treatment on their bodies.
Neitzel, Krenz, & de Castro, 2014	Developed an observation-based methodology to evaluate occupational health and safety hazards in agriculture, and pilot-tested this on several small-scale Hmong farming operations.	9	WA	Semi-quantitative observational tool	Observations revealed that the most common hazards Hmong farmers faced were bending at the back while lifting <50 pounds, using sharp tools without adequate guarding mechanisms (e.g. awkward posture), and lifting >50 pounds.
Schroepfer, Waltz, Noh, Matloub, & Kue, 2010	Assessed the Hmong population’s stage of readiness to address cancer and understand what factors contribute to their stage of readiness.	9	WI	Scale and interviews	Hmong’s stage of readiness to address cancer was “vague awareness.” There were six themes that contributed to the Hmong’s stage of readiness including: (1) new home, illness, and healthcare system; (2) Hmong healthcare beliefs and practices; (3) newness impacts resources needed and their access; (4) community view of cancer; (5) issues of trust; and (6) reliance on Hmong medicine.