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. 2018 Feb 9;8:2737. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20997-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Set-up for the reverse NEMD method. A heat flux is imposed by exchanging the kinetic energy of slow particles in the hot region with fast particles in the cold region. The image of the cold layer becomes the N-th layer, such that layers 0 and N are the same. Also shown is the temperature profile from which the temperature gradient is calculated.