Table 1.
Examples of neuromodulators present in CSF and their respective targets in the central nervous system.
| Neuromodulator | Target receptor(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Classical transmitters | ||
| Acetylcholine | Nicotinic AChRs (ionotropic), M1–M5 muscarinic AChRs (GPCRs) | Welch et al., 1976 |
| Dopamine | D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 (GPCRs) | Strittmatter et al., 1997 |
| Histamine | H1, H2, H3 (GPCRs) | Gabelle et al., 2017 |
| Noradrenaline | α1, α2, β1, β2 (GPCRs) | Strittmatter et al., 1997 |
| Serotonin | 5-HT3 (ionotropic), 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4 – 5-HT7 (GPCRs) | Strittmatter et al., 1997 |
| Neuropeptides | ||
| Cholecystokinin | CCKA, CCKB (GPCRs) | Geracioti et al., 1993 |
| Neuropeptide Y | Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 (GPCRs) | Nilsson et al., 2001 |
| Orexin | OX1, OX2 (GPCRs) | Heywood et al., 2015 |
| Oxytocin | OXTR (GPCR) | Martin et al., 2014 |
| Somatostatin | SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, SSTR5 (GPCRs) | Nilsson et al., 2001 |
| Substance P | NK1R (GPCR) | Juul et al., 1995 |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide | VPAC1, VPAC2 (GPCRs) | Juul et al., 1995 |
| Vasopressin | V1a, V1b (GPCRs) | Martin et al., 2014 |
| Neurosteroids | ||
| Allopregnanolone | GABAARs, NMDARs (ionotropic) | Meletti et al., 2017 |
| DHEAS | GABAARs, NMDARs (ionotropic) | Kim et al., 2003 |
| Pregnenolone sulfate | GABAARs, NMDARs (ionotropic) | Kim et al., 2003 |
| Purines | ||
| Adenosine | (P1) A1, A2A, A2B, A3 (GPCRs) | Schmidt et al., 2015 |
| Adenosine triphosphate | P2X1–P2X7 (ionotropic), P2Y2, P2Y11 (GPCRs) | Schmidt et al., 2015 |
| Endocannabinoids | ||
| 2-AG | CB1, CB2 (GPCRs) | Romigi et al., 2010 |
| Anandamide | CB1, CB2 | Romigi et al., 2010 |
| Amino acids | ||
| GABA | GABAARs (ionotropic), GABABRs (GPCRs) | Orhan et al., 2017 |
| Glutamate | NMDARs, AMPARs (ionotropic), mGluRs (GPCRs) | Spreux-Varoquaux et al., 2002 |
| Gasses | ||
| Nitric oxide | Guanylyl cyclase | Denda et al., 2011 |
AChR, acetylcholine receptor; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor; D1–5, dopamine receptors 1–5; H1–3, histamine receptors 1–3; α/β 1–2, alpha and beta noradrenergic receptors 1 and 2; 5-HT1–7, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors 1–7; CCKA/B, cholecystokinin receptors A and B; Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, neuropeptide y receptors 1, 2, 4, and 5; OX1–2, orexin receptors 1 and 2; OXTR, oxytocin receptor; SSTR1–5, somatostatin receptors 1–5; NK1R; neurokinin 1 receptor; VPAC1–2, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors 1 and 2; V1a/b, vasopressin receptors V1a and V1b; GABAA/BRs, types A and B gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors; NMDARs, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors; A1, A2A/B, A3, adenosine receptors A1, A2A, A2B and A3; P2X1-7/P2Y2/11; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptors P2X1-7, P2Y2 and P2Y11; CB1/2, cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2; AMPARs, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; mGluRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors.