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. 2018 Feb 5;9:68. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00068

FIGURE 7.

FIGURE 7

Rosmarinic acid (RA) inhibits the EMT, migration, and invasion through AMPK activation in HCT116 cells. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of phospho-AMPK. The nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) and equivalent phase contrast images were obtained by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) HCT116 cells were treated with CC for 4 h and detected phosphorylation levels of AMPK. (C) The mRNA expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, ICAM-1, and integrin β1. GAPDH and β-actin were used as the endogenous control. (D,E) Representative immunofluorescence images of E-cadherin (D) and N-cadherin (E). CC (20 μM) was pre-treated for 4 h and then HCT116 cells were treated with RA for 24 h. The nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue) and equivalent phase contrast images were obtained by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar = 20 μm. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. ∗p < 0.05 indicates significant differences from the CC-treated group. NSp > 0.05 indicates no significant differences from the CC-treated group.