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. 2018 Feb 9;8:2783. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20070-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of isoxaben, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor, on OsMMP1-expressing tobacco and OsMMP1 down-regulated rice plants. (a) Photograph exhibits the stunted growth of control (Cont) tobacco plants compared to transgenic (Trans) plants upon 1 nM isoxaben treatment (+iso). Scale bar = 25 mm. (bI) Micrographs show the stem diameter is increased significantly in the control tobacco plant compared with the transgenic lines upon isoxaben treatment (+iso). Scale bar = 300 µm. (bII) Comparison of stem diameter in control and transgenic tobacco plants with (+iso) and without (−iso) isoxaben treatment. (cI) Micrographs show the cell size is increased in control tobacco plant compared with the transgenic plant upon isoxaben treatment (+iso). Scale bar = 100 µm. (cII) Comparison of cell area (in µm²) in control and transgenic tobacco plants with (+iso) and without (−iso) isoxaben treatment. (dI) Photograph exhibits shorter shoot length in RNAi transgenic rice lines compared to the control upon 20 nM isoxaben treatment (+iso). Scale bar = 20 mm. (dII) Comparison of shoot length in control and transgenic rice plants with (+iso) and without (−iso) of isoxaben treatment. In all bar graphs, data are expressed as mean ± SE of 15 observations (each transgenic line) for (bII); as mean ± SE of 20 observations (each transgenic line) for (cII); as mean ± SE of 4 observations (each transgenic line) for (dII). Data are subjected to Student’s t-test: ***P < 0.001 for (bII) and (cII); *P < 0.05 for (dII). There is no significant difference between non-treated (−iso) control and transgenic. ns, not significant. Bright field micrographs of bI and cI were taken using Nikon ECLIPSE 50i upright microscope, and images were analysed with NLS-Elements D 3.2 software.