Table 3.
Characteristics of PER from literature review
| No | Organizational context | Geographic context | Services and facilities | Processes and procedures | Service usage | Health Care System | Staff |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | General public hospital | Massachusetts | Walk-in clinic, admitted on unselected basis | Brief but thorough evaluation of psychiatric, social, and general medical conditions, follow up after discharge by other psychiatric facilities within hospital or by community agencies | NM | NM | NM |
| 2 | Home visiting team belong to general public hospital | NM | Mobile component of a 24 h a day | 9-passenger station wagon with mobile telephone and pager system; description of primary and secondary goal; if protective environment needed court or voluntary commitment in accordance with law | Description of process, phone call, weapon involvement, police, reflection over violence and injury, description of intervention | NM | A psychiatric corpsman (trained by the navy) and a registered psychiatric nurse |
| 3 | University hospital | Dallas | 24 h a day | Psychiatric interview record | NM | NM | Psychiatrist or psychiatric resident, a registered nurse, a clerk, and clinical psychology interns and medical students at specified times, under supervision |
| 4 | General hospital | Ottawa, catchment area 700.000 | 40 beds for psychiatry | Clinical assessment follows the guidelines of the initial evaluation form | NM | NM | NM |
| 5 | 5 general hospitals, 1 private psychiatric hospital, 1 not affiliated with a hospital | 7 PER in Philadelphia, in 5 different areas | 24 h a day, provide 85% of PE care in the city | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 6 | General hospital | Massachusetts | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 7 | NM | Portland | NM | NM | NM | NM | Nurse or resident daytime consultation Monday–Friday; otherwise, on-call resident |
| 8 | University hospital | Pittsburgh; socioeconomic status of pop varies | 24 h a day; specialized sections | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 9 | General public hospital | Metropolitan region of 2,000,000 inhabitants | 24 h a day | Number of visits and admissions per year | NM | Mainly nurses, psychiatric residents, social workers | |
| 10 | General public hospital | 4 PER in large cities in Belgium | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 11 | NM | City with 100,000 inhabitants Catchment: university and industrial town |
24 h a day service | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 12 | NM | A: Catchment: part of central city Copenhagen, 2.5 km from PER, population density B: Catchment area: university and industrial town of Oulu, 30 km from PER, population density |
Open referral system, 24 h day | NM | NM | A, B: socialized health care system | NM |
| 13 | NM | 7 PER in San Francisco Bay area | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 14 | University hospital | City with 950,000 inhabitants, 82% African American | Does not provide crisis residential services | NM | Number of hospital admissions per year | NM | Psychiatrists, psychiatric residents, nurses, social workers, mental health technicians |
| 15 | See 13 | ||||||
| 16 | NM | Located in disadvantaged areas in 10 largest cities in US; 82% African American | 24 h a day | Part of hospital but not connected to MER | Number of visits per year | NM | Psychiatrists, psychiatric residents, nurses, social workers, mental health technicians |
| 17 | University hospital | City of Leuven with 100,000 inhabitants; catchment area of hospital 250,000 people; only hospital with PER | Comprehensive assessment and treatment and disposition plan for each patient; follow-up service | PER program started 1999, automatic enrollment; provides a full range of emergency evaluation, intervention, referral and disposition services for adults in crisis; programs philosophy |
NM | Public health care; universal health insurance covering mental health and substance abuse treatment |
PER team: 1 supervisor, 2 residents, 1 psychologist, 4 licensed nurses |
| 18 | NM | Seattle | 24 h a day | NM | Number of visits per year | NM | Psychiatrists, psychiatric residents, nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers |
| 19 | General public hospital | City Brussels with 950.000 inhabitants |
Special treatment units in total 120 beds, 6 for short-term stays |
unrealistic to expect PER to use DSM-IV thoroughly | Number of visits to hospital and PER per year | NM | |
| 20 | University hospital | A, B: Montreal C, D: Canadian city |
C: no observation area | Number of persons served doubled within 2 years |
NM | Specialized nurses and psychiatric staff on weekdays; evenings and weekends covered by regular staff, psychiatrists, or psychiatric residents (on call) | |
| 21 | University hospital | Montreal | NM | NM | Number of visits per year | NM | NM |
| 22 | University hospital | Metropolitan region, state and surrounding community |
NM | Evaluation by psychiatric residents, no overnight coverage, all evaluations by PR were discussed with child psychiatry attending physician during and before final disposition |
Number of visits per year | NM | Psychiatric residents on call daily 8 am – 11 pm, |
| 23 | University hospitals | 4 PER A: Montreal, catchment area doubled to 180,000 B: Montreal C and D: Kingston (city and metro), no catchment |
A: self-contained, secure unit, short-stay observation beds B: no prior medical triage, walk-in clinic, self-contained, secure unit, short-term observation beds, catchment stable C and D: city population increased by 4%; metro population by 10% |
NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 24 | University hospital | Marseille, 1,000,000 people; description of region | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 25 | University hospital | Detroit | Open access; no formal referral needed; 10 beds short-term stays | NM | Number of visits per year | NM | Study population was staff, but no description beyond study population |
| 26 | University hospital | Aarhus, Caucasian, low-wage, highly educated inhabitants |
Open access 24 h a day, beds available for short-term stays | NM | Number of visits and hospital admissions per year; self-referral | Public financed by taxes; visit without any charge | Staff is specialized, only works at PER, staff at PER has increased; shifts |
| 27 | University hospital | Geneva; catchment of 700,000 located on border |
24 h a day | Evaluations and interventions, hospitalization or referral to outpatient service, private psychiatrists, or GP. Initial screening by primary nurse via clinical interview to determine if further in-depth medical or psychiatric. Assessment is needed; description of evaluation |
NM | NM | Multidisciplinary team of psychiatrists, nurses, administration staff |
| 28 | NM | Busy urban Boston | Different sections | NM | NM | NM | NM |
| 29 | University medical center | Large urban New York | NM | NM | Number of visits per year | NM | NM |
NM not mentioned