Table 4.

Determinants of punishment

	Decision to punish (0 = no; 1 = yes)			Punishment severity
	Laboratory	MTurk	Pooled	Laboratory	MTurk	Pooled
Target’s contribution	−0.181***	−0.216***	−0.203***	−0.505***	−0.717***	−0.641***
	(0.034)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.074)	(0.051)	(0.043)
Punisher’s contribution	−0.014	0.003	−0.002	−0.067	−0.011	−0.032
	(0.034)	(0.026)	(0.022)	(0.106)	(0.074)	(0.063)
Mean contrib. others	0.040	0.065**	0.058***	0.136	0.228***	0.197***
	(0.028)	(0.025)	(0.019)	(0.094)	(0.071)	(0.058)
Rec. punishment in t−1	0.090***	0.097**	0.092***	0.310***	0.273**	0.284***
	(0.022)	(0.045)	(0.026)	(0.074)	(0.128)	(0.069)
Period	−0.126**	−0.102***	−0.111***	−0.311**	−0.280**	−0.289***
	(0.056)	(0.037)	(0.031)	(0.143)	(0.110)	(0.088)
Final period	−0.633*	0.524*	0.150	−1.014	2.401***	1.271
	(0.336)	(0.294)	(0.266)	(1.220)	(0.888)	(0.780)
MTurk			−0.965***			−2.631***
			(0.231)			(0.803)
Constant	0.960*	−0.440	0.671**	1.569	−1.873*	1.088
	(0.496)	(0.290)	(0.310)	(1.533)	(1.105)	(1.008)
N	2160	7440	9600	2160	7440	9600
Pseudo R2	0.285	0.321	0.322	0.142	0.203	0.189

Values in columns 1–3 reflect estimates from logistic models fitted to the decisions to punish (0: no deduction points assigned; 1: at least one deduction point assigned). Values in columns 3–6 reflect effect estimates from left-censored Tobit models fitted to the number of deduction points assigned. ‘Target’s contribution’ is the contribution of the punished participant; ‘Punisher’s contribution’ is the contribution of the participant punishing; ‘Average contribution others’ is the mean contribution of the other two members of the group; ‘Received punishment in t−1′ is the punishment amount received from others in the previous period; ‘Period’ is the period number; ‘Final period’ is a dummy for the last period; ‘MTurk’ is a dummy for the MTurk sample. Robust standard errors clustered on group

* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01