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. 2018 Feb 9;8:2729. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20740-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Oral ETEC vaccination induced increased frequencies of circulating plasmablasts. (a and b) Frequencies of plasmablasts (CD27⁺CD38^hi) among CD19⁺ B cells in PBMCs collected before (preVacc) and after (postVacc) vaccination were analysed by FCM. (a) Data for strong and weak/non-responders (data pooled from the primary and booster vaccination study; the same subjects as in Fig. 1a–c). (b) Representative plasmablast staining from one strong ALS responder. (c) Frequencies of IgA⁺ cells among plasmablasts in post vaccination samples from strong and weak/non ALS responders from the primary and booster studies (symbols as in (a), filled symbols; strong responders and open symbols; weak/non-responders). (d) Correlation between the combined response index of vaccine specific IgA ALS responses against the five major vaccine antigens and the magnitudes (fold rises) of IgA⁺ plasmablast responses (n = 24; same subjects as in a). (a,c and d) Each symbol represents one individual. (a and c) Bars indicate median values.