Table 1.
Demographic and Socialization Model of Child Behaviorcharacteristics among toddlers and their parents
| n = 193 | |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Toddlers’ age | 1.6 ± 0.2 |
| Toddlers’ sex | |
| Boys | 50.8 (98) |
| Girls | 49.2 (95) |
| Toddlers’ race/ethnicity | |
| European-Canadian/Caucasian | 53.9 (104) |
| Othera | 46.1 (89) |
| Household income | |
| < $50,000 | 15.5 (30) |
| $50,001 to $100,000 | 38.3 (74) |
| ≥ $100,000 | 46.1 (89) |
| Main type of childcare | |
| Parental | 35.8 (69) |
| Otherb | 64.2 (124) |
| SMCB characteristics | |
| Activity temperament (0–7) | 5.5 ± 0.8 |
| Screen time | |
| TV (min/day) | 92.7 ± 147.5 |
| VG (min/day) | 15.5 ± 38.7 |
| Total screen time (TV + VG; min/day) | 101.8 ± 108.8 |
| Physical activity (n = 123) | |
| LPA (min/day) | 239.1 ± 27.5 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 58.7 ± 18.7 |
| TPA (min/day) | 298.0 ± 39.9 |
| Screen time: Parental behavior | |
| Screen time modeling | |
| TV (min/day) | 80.8 ± 88.5 |
| Computer (min/day) | 77.4 ± 107.6 |
| VG (min/day) | 1.8 ± 7.8 |
| Total screen time (TV + Computer + VG; min/day) | 147.5 ± 114.9 |
| Limit on toddlers’ screen time (0–7) | 2.8 ± 2.5 |
| Screen time: Parental cognition | |
| Positive outcome expectations (0–7) | 4.6 ± 2.2 |
| Negative outcome expectations (0–7) | 2.5 ± 1.6 |
| Barrier self-efficacy (0–7) | 4.6 ± 1.9 |
| Physical activity: Parental behavior (n = 123) | |
| Physical activity modeling | |
| Total physical activity (MET·min·week−1) | 3198.8 ± 2902.7 |
| Physical activity support (0–7) | 4.9 ± 1.4 |
| Physical activity: Parental cognition (n = 123) | |
| Positive outcome expectations (0–7) | 6.5 ± 0.8 |
| Negative outcome expectations (0–7) | 4.1 ± 1.6 |
| Barrier self-efficacy (0–7) | 4.6 ± 1.3 |
| Home environment | |
| Screen time | |
| Presence of at least one electronic equipment in bedroom (%)c | 12.4 (24) |
| Availability of electronic equipment (Total number)§ | 9.1 ± 3.1 |
| Physical activity (n = 145) | |
| Availability of PA equipment (total number)d | 14.6 ± 1.8 |
| Yard space (1–5) | 3.5 ± 1.0 |
| Suitability of playgrounds (1–5) | 3.9 ± 0.8 |
| Neighborhood environment | |
| Neighborhood safety (1–4) | 3.3 ± 0.7 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous/ordinal variables and percentages (n) for dichotomous variables
SMCB = Socialization Model of Child Behavior
aNon-European-Canadian/Non-Caucasian included aboriginal/First Nation, African-Canadian, Arabic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic/Latino/Latina, and others (self-expressed)
bOther included childcare center, home daycare, and another adult (e.g., friend, relative, nanny, baby sitter) in and outside home
cElectronic equipment included TV, video/DVD/Blu-ray player, desktop computer, laptop, tablet computer, cell phone, and video game console
dPA equipment included balls, basketball hoop, bats/racquets/golf clubs, climbing equipment, gardening tools, play house, pool or beach toys, tricycle/bicycle, and other (self-described)