Table 1.
Indications and outcomes from paediatric ERCP and EUS case series published between 2000 and 2015
| Author and year | Number of patients | Adult or paediatric endoscopist | Number of procedures | Procedure type | Indication for ERCP / EUS | Technical success % (n) |
Therapy performed % (n) |
Adverse events % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hsu RK 2000 [7] |
22 | Adult | 34 | ERCP | AP (6), recurrent pancreatitis (5), CP (11) | NR | 53% (18) | 6% (2) |
| Poddar U 2001 [8] |
72 | Paediatric | 84 | ERCP | Suspected biliary tract disease (44), suspected choledochal cysts (14), extrahepatic portal venous obstruction before shunt surgery (19), suspected CBD stone (2), histiocytosis with cholestatic jaundice (2), bile leak (2), autoimmune hepatitis (1), CP or recurrent pancreatitis (14), pancreatic ascites or fistula (6), recurrent abdominal pain (8) | 97% (70/72) | 30% (22) | 8% (6) |
| Prasil P 2001 [9] |
20 | Adult | 21 | ERCP | Biliary indication (15), pancreatic indication (6) | 91% (19) | 48% (10) | 33% (7) |
| Varadarajulu S 2004 [29] | 116 | Adult | 163 | ERCP | Suspected biliary obstruction (47), Bile leak (9), Pancreatitis (acute gallstone, CP, recurrent) (58), traumatic PD injury (2) | 98% (161) | 67% (77) | 2.5% (3) |
| Cheng CL 2005 [10] |
245 | Adult | 329 | ERCP | Biliary pathology (93), pancreatic pathology (111), abdominal pain, suspected biliary or pancreatic origin (41) | 98% (322) | 71% (235) | 9.7% (32) |
| Varadarajulu S 2005 [36] | 14 | Adult | 15 | EUS | AP or recurrent pancreatitis (6), suspected biliary obstruction (5), abdominal pain (3) | 100% (15) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
| Durakbasa CU 2008 [11] | 28 | Adult | 32 | ERCP | Biliary pathology (21), pancreatic pathology (7) | 100% (32) | 63% (20) | 6% (2) |
| Cohen S 2008 [37] |
32 | Adult | 32 | EUS | Recurrent pancreatitis (9), pancreatic mass (6), obstructive jaundice (4), oesophageal stenosis (4), oesophageal mass (2), duodenal indication (1), stomach and rectal indication (2) | 100% (32) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
| Attila T 2009 [38] |
38 | Adult | 40 | EUS | Pancreatitis (10), solid pancreatic mass (7), cystic pancreatic mass (1), CP + cyst (1), suspected annular pancreas (1), coeliac plexus block (1), CBD stone (1), abdominal pain and atrophic pancreas (1), ampullary adenoma (1), abnormal MRCP (1) | 100% (40) | 5% (2) Coeliac plexus block | 0% (0) |
| Vegting IL 2009 [12] |
61 | Adult | 99 | ERCP | Biliary atresia (26), choledochal cyst (7), cholestasis (6), CBD stone (5), Bile leak post surgery (4), traumatic liver injury (1), PSC (1), portal cavenoma (1), pancreatitis (4), traumatic pancreatic injury (3), pseudocyst (2), pancreaticoblastoma (1) | 100% (99) | 60% (60) | 4% (4) |
| Li ZS 2010 [39] |
42 | Adult | 110 | ERCP | CP (42) | 100% (110) | 100% (110) | 17.3% (19) |
| Jang JY 2010 [13] |
122 | Paediatrica | 245 | ERCP | AP (7), recurrent AP (11), CP (20), trauma (3), pancreatic mass (2), choledochal cysts (40), choledocholithiasis (24), suspected sclerosing cholangitis (8), trauma (2), other (4) | 98% (241) | 78% (190) | 18% (45) |
| Otto AK 2011 [14] |
167 | Adult | 231 | ERCP | CP or recurrent pancreatitis (106), AP (42), CBD stone (26), choledochal cyst (2), congenital biliary obstruction (2), malignant biliary obstruction (1) | 100% (231) | 69% (159) | 4.7% (11) |
| Troendle DM 2013 [40] | 65 | Paediatric | 65 | ERCP | Choledocholithiasis (65) | 98% (64) | 100% (100) | 8% (5) |
| Enestvedt BK 2013 [41] | 296 | Adult | 429 | ERCP | Abnormal liver-associated enzymes (109), CBD stone (107), follow-up ERCP (52), recurrent pancreatitis (47), suspected bile or pancreatic duct leak (45), cholangitis (27), jaundice (23), abdominal pain (12), cyst drainage (4), PD endotherapy (3) | 95% (408) | 64% (275) | 7.7% (33) |
| Limketkai BN 2013 [24] | 154 | Adult | 289 | ERCP | CBD stone (52), elevated transaminases (25), PSC (16), stent removal (12), cholangitis (7), CBD stricture (7), bile leak (6), choledochal cyst (7), chronic abdominal pain (8), recurrent pancreatitis or CP (110), stent removal (33), pseudocyst (18), PD stone (14), AP (9), PD stricture (3), PD disruption (2), pancreatic mass (2), post-operative pancreatic fistula (2) | 94% (272) | 86% (247) | 5.9% (17) |
| Halvorson L 2013 [42] | 45 | Adult | 70 | ERCP | CBD stone (17), PD leak (5), bile duct leak (12), PD stricture (1), CBD stricture (3), pancreas divisum (5), CP (1), pseudocyst (2), ampullary adenoma (1), SOD (2), recurrent AP (5), PSC (2) | 99% (69) | 100% (70) | 7.1% (5) |
| Agarwal J 2014 [1] |
172 | Adult | 221 | ERCP | Abdominal pain (153), pancreatic fistula (11), symptomatic pseudocyst (4), and jaundice (3) | 100% (221) | 71% (157) | 4.7% (8) |
| Kieling CO 2014 [43] |
60 | Adult | 75 | ERCP | Bile duct obstruction (49.3%), sclerosing cholangitis (18.7%), post-surgery complication (12%), biliary stent (10.7%), choledochal cyst (5.3%), and pancreatitis (4%) | 95% (57) | 73% (55) | 9.7% (7) |
| Liu W 2014 [44] (Abstract)b |
68 | Unknown | 102 | ERCP | Bile duct stone (37), PD stone (8), bile duct benign stricture (7), other (16) | 100% (102) | NR | 4% (4) |
| Oracz G 2014 [45] |
157 | Adult | 481 | ERCP | CP (481) | 99% (475) | 46% (223-PD stent) | 1.9% (9) |
| Saito T 2014 [46] |
220 | Paediatric | 235 | ERCP | Choledochal cyst (92), biliary atresia (62), other (cholelithiasis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis) (66) | 96% (225) | 3% (8) | 9.8% (23) |
| Scheers I 2015 [5] |
48 | Adult | 52 | EUS (+/− combined ERCP) | Suspected biliary obstruction (20), AP or CP (20), pancreatic mass (3), pancreatic trauma (7), ampullary adenoma (2) | 98% (51) | 25% (13) | 3.8% (2) |
| Giefer MJ 2015 [47] |
276 | Adult | 425 | ERCP | Biliary obstruction (184) CP (114), suspected SOD (38), AP (29), relapsing pancreatitis (8), other (52) | 95% (403) | 81% (346) | 8.8% (28) |
| Ford K 2015 [48] |
9 | Adult | 9 | ERCP | CP (9) | 78% (7) | 78% (7) | 0% (0) |
ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography, EUS endoscopic ultrasound, NR not recorded, CBD common bile duct, MRCP magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, PD pancreatic duct, SOD sphincter oddi dysfunction, AP acute pancreatitis, CP chronic pancreatitis, PSC primary sclerosing Cholangitits
a= adult endoscopist supervision in initial and complex cases
b=article in Chinese, English abstract only