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Effect of metformin on AMPK, Akt/mTOR, and ERK signaling in hepatic stellate cells. A and B: HSCs were pretreated with metformin (1, 2, 5 and 10 mmol/L) for 2 h and then incubated with PDGF-BB (10 ng/mL) for 24 h or CoCl2 (150 μmol/L) for 12 h. AMPK, Akt/mTOR, and ERK signaling pathways were assessed by Western blot analysis; C and D: The results were quantified. aP < 0.05 vs the control group, cP < 0.05 and dP < 0.01 vs the PDGF-BB or CoCl2 only groups. HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells.
