Table 4. Geometric means (pmol l−1) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of serum oestrogens and oestrogen metabolites by liquor, beer and wine consumption category among postmenopausal alcohol drinkers who are never/former menopausal hormone therapy users in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS).
| Liquor | Beer | Wine | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcoholic drinks/week | Non-liquor drinker | >0–1 | >1 | Non-beer drinker | >0–1 | >1 | Non-wine drinker | >0–1 | >1–3 | >3 | ||||||
| Median | 0 | 0.42 | 5.25 | 0 | 0.422 | 2.73 | 0 | 0.42 | 2.73 | 7 | ||||||
| N | 299 | 166 | 120 | 391 | 137 | 57 | 91 | 262 | 113 | 119 | ||||||
| Weighted Na | 9977 | 5277 | 3867 | 13114 | 3910 | 2097 | 2638 | 8938 | 3205 | 4341 | ||||||
|
Geometric means (95% CI)b |
%Δc | p-diffd |
Geometric means (95% CI)b |
%Δc | p-diffd |
Geometric means (95% CI)b |
%Δc | p-diffd | ||||||||
| Oestrone | 293.1 (242.4, 354.3) | 343.9 (266.9, 443) | 411.3 (321.3, 526.5) | 29% | 0.007e | 334.0 (279.4, 399.3) | 329.9 (241.8, 450.3) | 331.0 (243.0, 451.0) | −1% | 0.96 | 332.0 (252.1, 437.2) | 316.8 (254.6, 394.4) | 350.5 (257.6, 476.9) | 355.1 (274.6, 459.0) | 7% | 0.68 |
| Conjugated | 230.5 (186.4, 285.1) | 278.2 (211.1, 366.7) | 340.2 (260.1, 444.9) | 32% | 0.004e | 270.2 (221.7, 329.4) | 258.5 (183.1, 365.1) | 265.6 (188.8, 373.6) | −2% | 0.92 | 273.7 (202.5, 369.9) | 249.6 (195.8, 318.2) | 277.7 (197.9, 389.8) | 292.6 (221.8, 386.0) | 7% | 0.70 |
| Unconjugated | 55.4 (48.4, 63.4) | 59.2 (48.7, 72.0) | 65.8 (54.4, 79.5) | 16% | 0.07 | 58.2 (51.0, 66.6) | 61.7 (49.8, 76.4) | 57.8 (46.7, 71.5) | −1% | 0.94 | 54.5 (44.4, 66.9) | 59.6 (51.2, 69.4) | 63.9 (51.9, 78.7) | 57.1 (47.0, 69.5) | 5% | 0.71 |
| Oestradiol | 53.3 (43.3, 65.6) | 61.8 (47.1, 81.1) | 63.4 (48.7, 82.6) | 16% | 0.19 | 57 (47.4, 68.6) | 62.3 (44.8, 86.6) | 55.3 (40.5, 75.6) | −3% | 0.85 | 56.1 (42.5, 74.1) | 54.4 (43.6, 67.8) | 63.9 (46.0, 88.8) | 62.2 (48.0, 80.6) | 11% | 0.52 |
| Conjugated | 37.1 (29.6, 46.6) | 44.5 (33.1, 59.7) | 40.9 (30.6, 54.7) | 9% | 0.50 | 38.5 (31.4, 47.3) | 44.3 (30.8, 63.7) | 38.7 (27.2, 55.0) | 0% | 0.98 | 39.7 (29.5, 53.6) | 36.8 (29.1, 46.7) | 44.3 (30.6, 64.3) | 42.5 (31.7, 57.2) | 7% | 0.70 |
| Unconjugated | 12.0 (9.8, 14.7) | 13.3 (10.4, 16.9) | 17.0 (12.9, 22.5) | 30% | 0.014e | 13.8 (11.4, 16.9) | 13.2 (10.1, 17.1) | 12.6 (9.6, 16.6) | −10% | 0.50 | 13.1 (9.8, 17.4) | 13.2 (10.6, 16.6) | 13.5 (10.3, 17.7) | 14.4 (11.4, 18.2) | 10% | 0.54 |
| 2-Hydroxyoestrone | 62.5 (52.8, 73.9) | 66.7 (53.0, 84.0) | 82.0 (67.1, 100.2) | 24% | 0.009e | 68.5 (58.2, 80.7) | 69.6 (53.6, 90.3) | 65.5 (50.7, 84.8) | −4% | 0.75 | 68.0 (53.4, 86.6) | 66.2 (55.3, 79.3) | 69.9 (53.4, 91.5) | 71.3 (56.3, 90.4) | 5% | 0.76 |
| 2-Hydroxyoestradiol | 15.6 (13.2, 18.4) | 16.7 (13.4, 20.8) | 20.1 (16.5, 24.5) | 22% | 0.016e | 17.1 (14.6, 20.0) | 17.4 (13.5, 22.4) | 16.1 (12.6, 20.5) | −6% | 0.65 | 16.8 (13.2, 21.5) | 16.6 (13.9, 19.8) | 17.2 (13.3, 22.2) | 17.7 (14.0, 22.5) | 5% | 0.74 |
| 2-Methoxyoestrone | 39.7 (34.6, 45.5) | 43.9 (36.1, 53.2) | 50.6 (42.2, 60.6) | 22% | 0.012e | 44.3 (39.0, 50.4) | 43.7 (34.4, 55.5) | 39.8 (32.2, 49.2) | −11% | 0.36 | 40.1 (32.9, 48.9) | 42.9 (36.7, 50.0) | 46.3 (36.3, 59.2) | 44.9 (37.3, 54.1) | 12% | 0.37 |
| Conjugated | 29.4 (25.3, 34.3) | 32.3 (26.3, 39.6) | 36.9 (30.5, 44.8) | 20% | 0.029e | 33.1 (28.9, 38.1) | 31.5 (24.2, 40.9) | 28.8 (23.0, 36.0) | −15% | 0.26 | 29.0 (23.6, 35.8) | 31.5 (26.8, 37.2) | 33.9 (26.1, 44.0) | 34.1 (28.1, 41.4) | 18% | 0.21 |
| Unconjugated | 9.0 (7.7, 10.6) | 10.6 (8.4, 13.2) | 11.5 (9.2, 14.5) | 22% | 0.039e | 9.7 (8.3, 11.4) | 10.9 (8.6, 13.8) | 9.9 (7.5, 13.0) | 1% | 0.94 | 9.9 (7.6, 12.8) | 9.9 (8.2, 12.0) | 10.8 (8.3, 14.1) | 9.6 (7.7, 12.1) | −2% | 0.88 |
| 2-Methoxyoestradiol | 13.6 (11.4, 16.2) | 13.4 (10.5, 17.1) | 16.1 (12.8, 20.3) | 16% | 0.13 | 14.7 (12.6, 17.2) | 13.6 (10.2, 18.0) | 13.1 (9.7, 17.8) | −12% | 0.43 | 12.1 (9.6, 15.3) | 13.6 (11.4, 16.3) | 17.1 (12.2, 23.8) | 15.0 (12.2, 18.6) | 24% | 0.12 |
| Conjugated | 11.0 (9.0, 13.4) | 10.9 (8.4, 14.1) | 13.1 (10.3, 16.8) | 16% | 0.15 | 11.9 (10.0, 14.2) | 11.0 (8.1, 15.0) | 10.7 (7.7, 14.8) | −11% | 0.49 | 9.9 (7.8, 12.7) | 11.0 (9.0, 13.3) | 13.5 (9.3, 19.8) | 12.7 (10.1, 16) | 28% | 0.09 |
| Unconjugated | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) | 2.5 (2.1, 3.0) | 24% | 0.01e | 2.2 (1.9, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | −8% | 0.50 | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.1) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) | −1% | 0.93 |
| 3-Methyl ether-hydroxyoestrone | 7.2 (6.2, 8.3) | 7.6 (6.3, 9.2) | 9.5 (7.8, 11.4) | 24% | 0.004e | 7.8 (6.8, 9.0) | 8.0 (6.4, 9.9) | 7.7 (6.1, 9.5) | −2% | 0.85 | 7.9 (6.6, 9.5) | 7.9 (6.8, 9.3) | 7.8 (6.1, 10.0) | 7.5 (6.2, 9.1) | −5% | 0.65 |
| 4-Hydroxyoestrone | 7.8 (6.6, 9.3) | 8.1 (6.4, 10.3) | 10.4 (8.5, 12.7) | 25% | 0.008e | 8.6 (7.3, 10.2) | 8.5 (6.6, 11.1) | 8 (6.2, 10.4) | −8% | 0.59 | 8.4 (6.5, 10.8) | 8.3 (7.0, 10.0) | 8.8 (6.7, 11.6) | 8.7 (6.8, 11.1) | 4% | 0.82 |
| 4-Methoxyoestrone | 4.2 (3.7, 4.9) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.3) | 5.2 (4.4, 6.2) | 19% | 0.026e | 4.7 (4.1, 5.4) | 4.3 (3.4, 5.5) | 4.1 (3.3, 5.1) | −15% | 0.21 | 4.2 (3.5, 5.1) | 4.5 (3.9, 5.2) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.1) | 4.6 (3.8, 5.7) | 9% | 0.50 |
| 4-Methoxyoestradiol | 2 (1.6, 2.4) | 2 (1.6, 2.6) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.7) | 8% | 0.43 | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | −12% | 0.39 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.5) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.5) | 15% | 0.32 |
| 16-Alpha-hydroxyoestrone | 31.1 (26.0, 37.1) | 33.1 (25.9, 42.4) | 41.3 (33.5, 50.9) | 25% | 0.009e | 34.3 (28.9, 40.8) | 34.5 (26.2, 45.7) | 32.4 (24.7, 42.6) | −6% | 0.70 | 33.4 (26.0, 42.9) | 33.0 (27.3, 39.9) | 34.9 (26, 46.9) | 36.0 (28, 46.3) | 8% | 0.64 |
| Oestriol | 132.3 (110.4, 158.6) | 140.8 (110.8, 178.9) | 175.0 (141.7, 216.2) | 24% | 0.013e | 146.2 (123.0, 173.8) | 144.9 (110.6, 189.8) | 138.9 (104.2, 185.2) | −5% | 0.74 | 141.9 (111.5, 180.5) | 143.3 (118.4, 173.5) | 150.4 (112.6, 201.0) | 144.6 (113.4, 184.4) | 2% | 0.90 |
| Conjugated | 103.0 (84.0, 126.4) | 114.0 (87.9, 147.9) | 140.0 (110.6, 176.7) | 26% | 0.014e | 115.9 (95.4, 140.8) | 116.0 (86.3, 156.1) | 107.8 (77.7, 149.6) | −8% | 0.68 | 112.4 (86.0, 146.9) | 113.4 (91.5, 140.6) | 119.0 (87.3, 162.3) | 114.1 (86.9, 149.8) | 2% | 0.93 |
| Unconjugated | 25.0 (21.5, 29.1) | 22.8 (18.5, 28.2) | 31.6 (26.2, 38.1) | 21% | 0.029e | 26.3 (22.8, 30.4) | 25.5 (20.6, 31.7) | 25.7 (20.5, 32.2) | −2% | 0.86 | 25.7 (20.8, 31.8) | 25.5 (21.7, 29.8) | 27.2 (20.7, 35.8) | 26.7 (22.0, 32.4) | 4% | 0.78 |
| 16-Ketooestradiol | 34.1 (28.4, 41) | 35.6 (27.7, 45.8) | 46.4 (37.3, 57.7) | 26% | 0.009e | 37.7 (31.6, 45) | 38.1 (28.7, 50.6) | 35.5 (26.6, 47.5) | −6% | 0.71 | 37.5 (28.8, 48.9) | 36.5 (30.0, 44.4) | 38.3 (28.3, 51.9) | 38.4 (29.9, 49.3) | 2% | 0.89 |
| 16-Epioestriol | 13.7 (11.6, 16.1) | 16.2 (13.0, 20.2) | 18.9 (15.6, 23.0) | 28% | 0.001e | 15.3 (13.0, 17.9) | 16.1 (12.7, 20.4) | 15.5 (11.9, 20.2) | 2% | 0.89 | 16.5 (12.9, 21.2) | 14.6 (12.2, 17.5) | 15.3 (11.9, 19.7) | 16.8 (13.5, 20.9) | 2% | 0.91 |
| 17-Epioestriol | 11.5 (9.9, 13.4) | 12.5 (10.3, 15.3) | 15.4 (12.8, 18.7) | 25% | 0.003e | 12.5 (10.8, 14.6) | 13.0 (10.4, 16.3) | 12.8 (10.1, 16.3) | 2% | 0.87 | 12.9 (10.4, 15.9) | 12.3 (10.3, 14.6) | 12.4 (9.9, 15.7) | 13.7 (11.1, 17) | 7% | 0.64 |
a
Weighted N reflects frequency counts weighted to the whole WHI-OS Cohort.
b
Adjusted for age at blood draw (<60, 60–<70, ⩾70 years), year of blood draw (1993–1996, 1997–1998), race (white, non-white), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, current smoker), BMI (kg m−2), years since menopause (<10 years, 10–<20 years, ⩾20 years), duration of oral contraceptive use (0, <5, ⩾5 years), caffeine intake (quartiles), sedentary/sitting time (<5, 5–<10, ⩾10 h per day), and metabolic equivalent (MET) hours of physical activity per week (none, >0–<7.5, 7.5–15 (National recommendations), ⩾15).
c
%Δ is the percentage difference in oestrogen concentrations comparing highest with non-alcohol type (liquor/beer/wine) drinkers.
d
P-diff refers to the P-value comparing the geometric mean concentration of parent oestrogens and oestrogen metabolites for highest category compared with non-alcohol type (liquor/beer/wine) drinkers. Calculated using the Wald test.
e
FDR q-value<0.05.