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. 2018 Feb 6;9:51. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00051

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Copyright © 2018 Di Paola, Fusco, Gugliandolo, D'Amico, Campolo, Latteri, Carughi, Mandalari and Cuzzocrea.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of pistachios on cytokines production. The inflammatory response includes the expression of cytokines in the late stage of reperfusion. The tissue levels of TNF-α (C) and IL-1β (D) increased in STZ-I/R rats during the ischemia reperfusion injury, compared to the sham treated animals (A,B). NP reduced tissue levels of TNF-α (E) and IL-1β (F). RP provided a minor effect on TNF-α (G) and IL-1β (H) tissue expression. Densitometric analysis of immunocytochemistry photos (n = 5 photos from every sample obtained from each rats in all experimental group) for TNF-α (I) and IL-1β (L) from heart tissues was evaluated. Densitometric analysis was performed by using Optilab Graftek software on a Macintosh personal computer (CPU G3-266). Data are indicated as % of total tissue area. Data are means ± S.E.M. of 10 rats for each group. ^*P < 0.05 vs. sham, °P < 0.05 vs. ischemia-reperfusion.