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. 2018 Feb 6;8:1084. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01084

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Copyright © 2018 Ripamonti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scanning electron microphotographs (SEM) of the geometrical configuration of the concavity assembled into the titanium bioreactors. (A,B) Macro- and microporous geometric landscapes of titania substrata later coated by highly sintered crystalline hydroxyapatite. Macro- and micro-topography of the constructed concavities (light blue arrows) within the titanium' bioreactors present surface topographies that result I the induction of bone differentiation in vivo (Ripamonti et al., 2012a, 2013). (C) A concavity (light blue arrows) prepared on the titanium' surface show nano-topographic macro- micro-porosities that are inductive of cell differentiation and the expression of the osteogenic phenotype (Ripamonti et al., 2012a, 2013).