Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics, Maternal Health Measures, and Birth Characteristics of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants By Study Cohort
| Study, n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | Total (N = 6386), n (%) | WITS (N = 2464) | 219C (N = 1653) | SMARTT (N = 2269) |
| Male infant sex | 3233 (51) | 1253 (51) | 819 (50) | 1161 (51) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White Non-Hispanic | 550 (9) | 269 (11) | 162 (10) | 119 (5) |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 3534 (55) | 1190 (48) | 954 (58) | 1390 (61) |
| Hispanic (regardless of race) | 2106 (33) | 867 (35) | 500 (30) | 739 (33) |
| Other/unknown | 196 (3) | 138 (6) | 37 (2) | 21 (1) |
| Birth year | ||||
| ≤1995 | 961 (15) | 837 (34) | 124 (8) | — |
| 1996–2000 | 1695 (27) | 1019 (41) | 633 (38) | 43 (2) |
| 2001–2005 | 1688 (26) | 608 (25) | 893 (54) | 187 (8) |
| 2006–2010 | 1139 (18) | — | 3 (<1) | 1136 (50) |
| >2010 | 903 (14) | — | — | 903 (40) |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) | 1108 (17) | 419 (17) | 242 (15) | 447 (20) |
| Low birth weight (≤2500 g) | 1119 (18) | 425 (17) | 285 (17) | 409 (18) |
| Delivery by cesarean section | 2862 (45) | 856 (35) | 732 (44) | 1274 (56) |
| Maternal age at delivery <20 years | 450 (7) | 174 (7) | 139 (8) | 137 (6) |
| Maternal education< high school graduate | 2249 (35) | 832 (34) | 651 (39) | 766 (34) |
| Household annual income ≤$20K | 3465 (54) | 1839 (75) | N/A | 1626 (72) |
| Maternal substance use during pregnancy | ||||
| Tobacco | 1558 (24) | 913 (37) | 240 (15) | 405 (18) |
| Alcohol | 1154 (18) | 841 (34) | 120 (7) | 193 (9) |
| Illicit drugs | 1270 (20) | 824 (33) | 250 (15) | 196 (9) |
| Maternal health characteristics at delivery | ||||
| HIV viral load >1000 copies/mL | 1504 (24) | 1248 (51) | N/A | 256 (11) |
| CD4 < 350 (cells/mm3) | 1320 (21) | 728 (30) | N/A | 592 (26) |
| Maternal HIV diagnosed within 2 months of delivery | 127 (2) | 105 (4) | N/A | 22 (1) |
| ARV regimen during pregnancy | ||||
| No ARV | 595 (9) | 454 (18) | 96 (6) | 45 (2) |
| Non-HAART | 1802 (28) | 1021 (41) | 571 (35) | 210 (9) |
| HAART | 3774 (59) | 896 (36) | 924 (56) | 1954 (86) |
| Unknown | 215 (3) | 93 (4) | 62 (4) | 60 (3) |
| Time initiating ARV during pregnancy | ||||
| No ARV | 595 (9) | 454 (18) | 96 (6) | 45 (2) |
| 1st trimester | 2417 (38) | 598 (24) | 596 (36) | 1223 (54) |
| 2nd trimester | 2361 (37) | 873 (35) | 665 (40) | 823 (36) |
| 3rd trimester | 788 (12) | 436 (18) | 234 (14) | 118 (5) |
| Time initiating HAART during pregnancy | ||||
| No ARV | 595 (9) | 454 (18) | 96 (6) | 45 (2) |
| Non-HAART | 1802 (28) | 1021 (41) | 571 (35) | 210 (9) |
| 1st trimester | 1764 (28) | 299 (12) | 351 (21) | 1114 (49) |
| 2nd trimester | 1521 (24) | 390 (16) | 407 (25) | 724 (32) |
| 3rd trimester | 489 (8) | 207 (8) | 166 (10) | 116 (5) |
Some characteristics were not available for all participants in addition to those specifically noted as unknown or not available (N/A) above, including: preterm birth (n = 67, 1%), low birth weight (n = 82, 1%), mode of delivery (n = 256, 4%), maternal age at delivery (n = 97, 2%), maternal education (n = 173, 3%), household income (n = 345, 12% WITS, 2% SMARTT), maternal substance use during pregnancy (n = 138–144, 2%), timing of maternal HIV diagnosis (n = 1331, 7% WITS, 52% SMARTT), and timing of ARV initiation during pregnancy (n = 225, 4%). Percentages are reported among all participants in each cohort.
ARV, antiretroviral; HAART, highly active antiretroviral treatment; N/A, not available; SMARTT, Surveillance Monitoring of ART Toxicities; WITS, Women and Infant Transmission Study.