Increased VEGFA enhances endothelial cell HGF, islet size, islet vascularity, and β-cell mass, and decreases islet apoptosis. Increased HGF increases islet VEGFA and enhances islet insulin secretion. As depicted by the red lines, IUGR decreases expression of islet vascularity and VEFGA, as well as endothelial cell HGF. VEFGA expression is increased with exogenous amino acid supplementation.