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. 2017 Mar 8;32(5):1118–1129. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex047

Table II.

Variables included as confounders in the reviewed manuscripts.

Variable Studies that controlled for variable in analysis
Age of the son Banhidy et al. (2007), Berkowitz and Lapinski (1996), Davies et al. (1986), Jensen et al. (2010), Kristensen et al. (2011), Mori et al. (1992), Philippat et al. (2011), Rebordosa et al. (2008), Snijder et al. (2012), Wagner-Mahler et al. (2011)
Maternal age Jensen et al. (2010), Philippat et al. (2011), Rebordosa et al. (2008), Snijder et al. (2012)
Geographic location Banhidy et al. (2007), Philippat et al. (2011), Wagner-Mahler et al. (2011)
Gestational age Kristensen et al. (2011), Philippat et al. (2011), Wagner-Mahler et al. (2011)
Maternal general health/BMI/use of co-medication and/or history of chronic disease Kristensen et al. (2011), Rebordosa et al. (2008), Snijder et al. (2012)
Birthweight Berkowitz and Lapinski (1996), Wagner-Mahler et al. (2011)
Parity Jensen et al. (2010), Philippat et al. (2011)
Maternal smoking Jensen et al. (2010), Philippat et al. (2011)
Maternal level of education Philippat et al. (2011), Snijder et al. (2012)
Maternal employment status or household occupation Banhidy et al. (2007), Jensen et al. (2010)
Maternal influenza, cold or other diseases during pregnancy Banhidy et al. (2007), Kristensen et al. (2011)
Fever during pregnancy Snijder et al. (2012)
Ethnicity Berkowitz and Lapinski (1996)
Birth order Rebordosa et al. (2008)
Family history of cryptorchidism Berkowitz and Lapinski (1996)
Year of admission for orchidopexy Mori et al. (1992)
Time to pregnancy Jensen et al. (2010)
Treatment for infertility Jensen et al. (2010)
Consumption of tea or cola drinks during pregnancy Berkowitz and Lapinski (1996)
Maternal swollen lower limbs during pregnancy Berkowitz and Lapinski (1996)
Country where the mother and father were born Wagner-Mahler et al. (2011)