Table III.
Extracted data relating to ever use of analgesia during pregnancy.
| Author | Study design | Level of exposure/comparator | Level of exposure/comparator | Measure of relative risk (OR/RR/HR) | Reported crude OR/RR/HR (95% CI) | Reported adjusted OR/RR/HR (95% CI) | Number of exposed vs non-exposed cases | Number of exposed vs non-exposed controls/cohort | Adjustment for confoundinga |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banhidy et al. | CCS | Dipyrone | Ever use of Dipyrone during second or third months of pregnancy | OR | Matched controls 1.2, 95% CI: 0.8–1.8 | 43 exposed 2008 non-exposed (2% exposed) |
736 exposed 37 415 non-exposed (2% exposed) |
Controls matched for sex, week of birth, district of parent's residence Additional adjustment for maternal employment status, influenza or cold in second and/or third month of pregnancy |
|
| Boys with Down Syndrome 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4–1.2 | Downs unmatched but adjusted as above, plus maternal age and birth order | ||||||||
| Berkowitz et al. | Nested CCS | Any analgesia | Ever use during pregnancy | OR | Cryptorchid cases: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.07–3.34 | Cryptorchid cases: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03–3.62 | Cryptorchid cases: 37 exposed 26 non-exposed (59% exposed) |
87 exposed* 116 non-exposed*(43% exposed) |
Controls matched on age of son Additional adjustment for ethnicity (‘Asian women’), swollen legs or feet, Family history of cryptorchidism, Low birthweight, use of cola drinks during pregnancy, consumption of > 1 cup of tea per day |
| Late descenders: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.84–1.98 | Late descenders: 69 exposed 71 non-exposed (49% exposed) |
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| Davies et al. | CCS | Use of analgesics during pregnancy | Ever use during pregnancy (further detail not provided) | OR (stated as ‘Relative Risk’) | 1.77 (no CIs provided) | 23 exposed 60 non-exposed (29% exposed) |
23 exposed 106 non-exposed (18% exposed) |
Controls matched on age of son | |
| Mori et al. | CCS | Use of analgesics during pregnancy | Ever use during pregnancy | OR | 1.00, 95% CI: 0.20–37.85 | 1 exposed 103 non-exposed (0% exposed) |
1 exposed 103 non-exposed(0% exposed) |
Controls matched for age of son, year of admission for orchidopexy and birth year | |
| Wagner-Mahler et al. | Nested CCS | Any use of Aspirin and/or Paracetamol | Ever use during pregnancy | 17 exposed 78 non-exposed (18% exposed) |
45 exposed 143 non-exposed(24% exposed) |
Controls matched in terms of the age, place of birth, Gestational Age, birthweight and the country of birth of the parents | |||
| Jensen et al. | Cohort | Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid | Ever use of either acetaminophen, ibuprofen or acetylsalicylic Acid (Among other exposures) | HR | Clinically diagnosed cryptorchidism: 1.06 (95% CI: 0.93–1.21) | Clinically diagnosed cryptorchidism: 467 exposed 428 non-exposed (52% exposed) |
Clinically diagnosed cryptorchidism: 195 326 PYAR exposed 190 405 PYAR unexposed(51% exposed) |
Adjusted for Maternal age, household occupation, time to pregnancy, parity before birth of index boy, treatment of infertility, maternal smoking. | |
| Orchidopexy-confirmed cryptorchidism: 1.11 (95% CI: 0.93–1.32) | Orchidopexy-confirmed cryptorchidism: 276 exposed 242 non-exposed (53% exposed) |
Orchidopexy-confirmed cryptorchidism: 196 556 PYAR exposed191 606 PYAR non-exposed(51% exposed) | |||||||
| Kristensen et al. | Cohort | Mild analgesics (combined paracetamol, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid) | Ever use during pregnancy (Among other exposures) | OR | Denmark: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.75–2.79 | Denmark: 1.43, 95% CI: 0.73–2.79 | 27 exposed 15 non-exposed (64% exposed) |
249 exposed 200 non-exposed (55% exposed) |
Adjusted for disease reported during pregnancy (indication to treat), use of other medications during pregnancy, gestational age |
| Finland: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.40–1.60 | Finland: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.35–1.57 | 13 exposed 22 non-exposed (37% exposed) |
606 exposed 822 non-exposed (42% exposed) |
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| Philippat et al. | Cohort | Any use of Asprin, Paracetamol or Ibuprofen | Ever use during pregnancy (Among other exposures) | OR | 1.5, 95% CI: 0.45–7.5 | 1.1, 95% CI: 0.31–3.6 | 35 exposed 3 non-exposed (92% exposed) |
804 exposed 99 non-exposed (89% exposed) |
Adjusted for gestational duration (defined from the date of the last menstrual period), centre, maternal age, parity, maternal smoking, and educational level |
| With preterm babies excluded: 1.6, 95% CI: 0.35–6.8 | 33 exposed 2 non-exposed (94% exposed) |
776 exposed 96 non-exposed (89% exposed) |
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| Rebordosa et al. | Cohort | Ever use of acetaminophen during each trimester of pregnancy (only first trimester reported for cryptorchidism) | HR | 1.21 (no CIs provided) | 1.24, 95% CI: 0.79–1.94 | 33 exposed 63 non-exposed (34% exposed) |
26 424 exposed 61 718 non-exposed (30% exposed) |
Adjusted for mother's age, birth year, birth order and history of chronic diseases | |
| Snijder et al. | Cohort | Any use of mild analgesics (combined paracetamol and other painkillers, including NSAIDS and aspirin) | Ever use during pregnancy | OR | 1.25, 95% CI: 0.73–2.13 | 23 exposed 45 non-exposed (34% exposed) |
956 exposed 2228 non-exposed (30% exposed) |
Adjusted for maternal age, educational level, BMI at intake, general health, use of co-medication, underlying diseases and fever during pregnancy |
aAdjustment for confounding achieved via either control matching or inclusion as covariates in regression models.
*Calculated from tabulated data in manuscript.
OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; HR, hazard ratio.